Henretta Eric Hinderaker Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self
Americas History Eighth Edition
America: A Concise History
Sixth Edition CHAPTER 4 Growth, Diversity, and Conflict 17201763 Copyright 2014 by Bedford/St. Martins
I. New Englands Freehold Society
A. Farm Families: Women in the Household Economy 1. Husband the head of the household- In The Well-Ordered Family (1712), Reverend Benjamin Wadsworth of Boston told women that it was their duty to love and reverence their husbands; girls learned from their mothers to be subordinate to their fathers; courts prosecuted more women than men for the crime of fornication.
2. Wife as the helpmate- women had the role of
helpmates. They tended gardens, spun thread, wove cloth, knitted sweaters, made candles, churned butter, preserved meets and other tasks.
I. New Englands Freehold Society
A. Farm Families: Women in the Household Economy 3. Motherhood- Most women married in their early twenties and had given birth six or seven times by their early forties. Fear of death during childbirth and the importance of baptism for the new baby were believed to be a reason many Puritan women clung to the church even when fewer men were attending. 4. Restrictions- No equality for women within the church; most women accepted such restrictions as social norms
I. New Englands Freehold Society
B. Farm Property: Inheritance 1. Family authority- Emigrants wanted farms to provide for them and their grown children; landless children could be placed as indentured servants until age 18 or 21; landless men hoped to climb from laborer to tenant to freeholder. 2. Children of wealthy parents-Marriage portion was given when children of well-to-do farmers were in their early twenties; consisted of land, livestock, or farm equipment; enabled parents to choose their childrens spouses because economic concerns outweighed love in the long-term interests of the extended family.
I. New Englands Freehold Society
B. Farm Property: Inheritance 3. Marriage-Bride gave her husband legal ownership of her property; she received a dower right to use but not sell one-third of the property if her husband died; this portion went to her children if she died or remarried 4. Fathers duty-Was to provide an inheritance for his children or lose status in the community. Some men moved their families to the frontier where land was cheap and abundant; on the frontier, these men created communities of independent property owners
I. New Englands Freehold Society
C. Freehold Society in Crisis 1. Population increase-Rapid natural increase doubled New
Englands population each generation from 100,000 people
in Puritan colonies in 1700 to nearly 400,000 in 1750; resulted in the division and subdivision of family farms to 50 acres or less 2. Changes in family life- Parents could now only provide one child with an inheritance of land, which resulted in parents having less control over their children; increase in premarital sex and marriages arranged quickly due to pregnancy. Couples tried to limit family size or moved their new families into the frontiers of central Massachusetts, western Connecticut, and New Hampshire and Vermont. Wheat and barley were replaced with corn because it could feed people and provide nourishment for cattle and pigs.
II. Diversity in the Middle Colonies
A. Economic Growth, Opportunity, and Conflict 1. Tenancy in New York- Tried to attract migrants by granting long leases, but they wanted to own land so population grew slowly. 2. Conflict in the Quaker Colonies- early quakers built simple homes and had little. By the 1760s wealthy landowners in eastern Penn. Were using slaves and poor immigrants on farms. agricultural capitalists- showed growing divisions in social classes.
II. Diversity in the Middle Colonies
B. Cultural Diversity 1. Religious and ethnic diversity 2. The German Influx 3. Scots-Irish Settlers
II. Diversity in the Middle Colonies
C. Religion and Politics 1. Religious diversity
III. Commerce, Culture, and Identity
A. Transportation and the Print Revolution 1. Improved transportation networks 2. Print revolution
III. Commerce, Culture, and Identity
B. The Enlightenment in America 1. The European Enlightenment 2. John Locke 3. Franklins Contributions
III. Commerce, Culture, and Identity
C. American Pietism and the Great Awakening 1. Pietism 2. New England Revivalism 3. Whitefields Great Awakening
III. Commerce, Culture, and Identity
D. Religious Upheaval in the North 1. Old Lights and New Lights 2. Challenges to authority
III. Commerce, Culture, and Identity
E. Social and Religious Conflict in the South 1. The Presbyterian Revival 2. The Baptist Insurgency
IV. The Midcentury Challenge: War,
Trade, and Social Conflict, 17501763 A. The French and Indian War 1. Conflict in the Ohio Valley 2. The Albany Congress 3. The War Hawks Win
IV. The Midcentury Challenge: War,
Trade, and Social Conflict, 17501763 B. The Great War for Empire 1. The Seven Years War 2. Pontiacs Rebellion
IV. The Midcentury Challenge: War,
Trade, and Social Conflict, 17501763 C. British Industrial Growth and the Consumer Revolution 1. Resources 2. American consumers
IV. The Midcentury Challenge: War,
Trade, and Social Conflict, 17501763 D. The Struggle for Land in the East 1. Land disputes
IV. The Midcentury Challenge: War,
Trade, and Social Conflict, 17501763 E. Western Rebels and Regulators 1. The South Carolina Regulators 2. Civil Strife in North Carolina