CHAPTER II

WHO ARE THE

ADOLESCENT

CHILD AND
LEARNER?

Child & Adolescent Development

(EDUC 1A)

P r e p a r e d b y : Patricia F. Dela Rosa

Raymond F. Villanueva
Joselito Salas
(PROF. ED 1A)

CHARACTERISTICS OF
CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Definition of Childhood and Adolescence

the state or time of being a child; especially,
the period from infancy to puberty.
CHILDHOOD

The time for children to be in school and at play, to

grow strong and confident with the love and
encouragement of their family and an extended
community of caring adults. It is a precious time in
which children should live free from fear, safe from
violence and protected from abuse and exploitation. (
www.unicef.org)

Definition of Childhood and Adolescence

Names Used for Early Childhood:

By Parents: problem age/ troublesome age (less appealing age as

compared to babyhood), toy age.
By Educators: preschool age.
By Psychologists: pre-gang age, exploratory age, imitative/creative
age.

Names Used for Late Childhood:

By Parents: most problematic age, sloppy age, quarrelsome age.

By Educators: elementary school age, critical period in the
achievement drive.
By Psychologists: gang age (age of conformity), creative age, play
age.

Definition of Childhood and Adolescence

ADOLESCENCE the period following the onset of puberty
during which a young person develops from a child into an
adult. (ages 1319 years old)
Etymological meaning from the Latin word: adolescere which means
to grow up.
a transitional age of physical and psychological human development
generally occurring during the period from puberty to legal
adulthood (age of majority).The period of adolescence is most
closely associated with the teenage years, though its physical,
psychological and cultural expressions can begin earlier and end
later.

Definition of Childhood and Adolescence

The 3 main stages of adolescence:
Early adolescence (9-13 years) characterized by a spurt of
growth and the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
Middle adolescence (14-15 years) this stage is distinguished by
the development of a separate identity from parents, of new
relationships with peer groups and the opposite sex, and of
experimentation.
Late adolescence (16-19 years) At this stage, adolescents have
fully developed physical characteristics (similar to adults), and
have formed a distinct identity and have well-formed opinions and
ideas.(NCERT 1999)

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN
6-8 years old

PHYSICAL:
What children
can do?

COGNITIVE:

What children
can

understand?

SOCIAL:

What types of
relationships
children can
have?

9-10 year old

11-12 years old

They learn how to control their

bodies.

They have a lot of energy.

They
enjoy
manipulating
objects.
They may find handling small
objects or performing fine
motor tasks challenging.

They enjoy moving and being

active.
They enjoy sports, dancing and

physically intense games.

They can play until they are

exhausted.

They
experience
physical
changes, especially girls.
Their energy levels vary.
They may find it difficult to
control their emotions.

They learn best by doing.

Instructions need to be few and

simple.

They have a limited attention

span and are easily distracted by
their environment.
They are very imaginative.

They are curious and enjoy

learning new things.

They learn best when involved

in a concrete project.

They may become frustrated

when things do not turn out as

expected.

They begin to develop abstract

thinking skills.
They learn well through
imitating role models.
They are adventurous and enjoy
change.
They have a good attention
span.

They
place
increasing
importance on friendships.
They enjoy playing and taking
up group challenges.
They
are
sometimes
competitive.
They can express what they like
or do not like, but their
judgment is sometimes not well
developed.

They enjoy working in teams.

They seek the approval of their
peers.
They are more independent and
begin to question authority.
They enjoy projects that involve
in helping others and social
justice.

They can be somewhat selfcentered.

They play better in pairs than in
groups.
They need to be constantly
reminded of the group rules.
They
like
to
express
themselves, but must be asked
directly.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENTS
PHYSICAL:
Experiences onset of puberty, develop secondary sex
characteristics.
Grow rapidly, are often clumsy and uncoordinated.
A concern with changes in body size and shape. Become
highly self-conscious, body image can affect self-image.
Restlessness and fatigue due to hormonal changes.
A need for physical activity because of increased energy.
Developing sexual awareness, and often touching and
bumping into others.
Physical vulnerability resulting from poor health/dietary
habits or engaging in risky behaviors.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENTS
COGNITIVE-INTELLECTUAL
Moving from concrete to abstract thinking. Develop ability to think
abstractly, but many still think literal terms.
An ability to be self-reflective. Develop critical thinking skills and
become more self-aware, self-critical.
Exhibit increased communication skills.
Become argumentative and demonstrate an intense need to be right.
Develop decision-making skills and want a voice in their choices.
Show intense focus on a new interest but lack discipline to sustain.
Prefers active over passive learning experiences.
Interest in interacting with peers during learning activities.
Demand the relevance in learning and what is being taught.
Developing the capacity to understand higher levels of humor, some
of which may be misunderstood by adults to be sarcastic or even
aggressive.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENTS
EMOTIONAL

Are unpredictable emotionally, are sensitive and prone to outbursts.

Are vulnerable to emotional pleas and can be easily manipulated.
Exhibit an increasing capacity for empathy.
Experience increasing sexual feelings, may engage in sexual behavior
without realizing consequences.
Needing to release energy, with sudden outbursts of activity.
A desire to become independent and to search for adult identity and
acceptance.
Self-consciousness and being sensitive to personal criticism.
Concern about physical growth and maturity.
A belief that their personal problems, feelings, and experiences are
unique to themselves.
Overreacting to ridicule, embarrassment, and rejection.
Seeking approval of peers and others with attention-getting behaviors.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENTS
SOCIAL-INTERPERSONAL
Display a more social consciousness.
Are more aware of relationships and have a strong need to
belong.
Exhibit desire for independence and autonomy.
Experience a shift in dependence on family to dependence
on peers.
Able to critically compare parents with others.
Seek deeper friendships based on shared interests, loyalty.
Experience increased interest in opposite sex, though may
often feel uncomfortable and awkward with the other sex.
Modeling behavior after that of older students, not
necessarily that of parents and other adults.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENTS
SOCIAL-INTERPERSONAL
Experimenting with ways of talking and acting as part of searching
for a social position with peers.
Exploring questions of racial and ethnic identity and seeking peers
who share the same background.
Exploring questions of sexual identity in visible or invisible ways.
Feeling intimidated or frightened by the initial middle school
experience.
Liking fads and being interested in popular culture.
Overreacting to ridicule, embarrassment, and rejection.
Seeking approval of peers and others with attention-getting
behaviors.
As interpersonal skills are being developed, fluctuates between a
demand for independence and a desire for guidance and direction

CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENTS
MORAL
Tend to be legalistic, focusing on rules and fairness.
Retain moral beliefs of parents but begin to test rules of
childhood.
Are influenced by the values of peers.
Form a more personal conscience; seek moral criteria that
make sense to them.
Exhibit a stronger sense of responsibility toward larger
society.
An understanding of the complexity of moral issues
(question values, cultural expressions, and religious
teachings).

CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENTS
MORAL
Being capable of and interested in participating in
democracy.
Impatience with the pace of change, and underestimating
how difficult it is to make social changes.
Needing and being influenced by adult role models who
will listen and be trustworthy.
Relying on parents and important adults for advice, but
wanting to make their own decisions.
Judging others quickly, but acknowledging ones own faults
slowly.
Show compassion and are vocal for those who are
downtrodden or suffering and have special concern for
animals and environmental issues.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENTS
SPIRITUAL
Exhibit affinitive faith (faith identity shaped by family
and community).
Are open to service opportunities primarily to connect with
peers, test skills.
Can be open to new prayer experiences.
Seek adult role models who live their faith authentically.
Desire a deeper relationship with God.
Begin moving away from religious imagery, beliefs, and
practices of childhood; may begin to explore new images of
God.

THE RIGHTS OF
CHILDREN AND YOUNG
PERSONS

PREPARED BY: Raymond F. Villanueva

Presidential Degree no. 603

Child and Youth Welfare Code
Article 3 Rights of a Child

Rights of a Child
All children shall be
entitled to the rights
herein set forth without
distinction
as
to
legitimacy or illegitimacy,
sex,
social
status,
religion,
political
antecedents, and other
factors.

Rights of a Child
1. Every child is
endowed with the
dignity and worth
of a human being
from the moment
of his conception,
as
generally
accepted
in
medical parlance,
and
has,
therefore,
the
right to be born
well.

Rights of a Child
2. Every child has the
right to a wholesome
family life that will
provide him/her with
love,
care
and
understanding,
guidance
and
counseling,
and
moral and material
security.

Rights of a Child
3. Every child has the
right
to
a
wellrounded development
of his personality to
the end that he may
become
a
happy,
useful
and
active
member of society.

Rights of a Child
4. Every child has the
right to a balanced
diet, adequate clothing,
sufficient
shelter,
proper
medical
attention, and all the
basic
physical
requirements
of
a
healthy and vigorous
life.

Rights of a Child
5. Every child has the
right to be brought up
in an atmosphere of
morality
and
rectitude
for
the
enrichment and the
strengthening of his
character.

Rights of a Child
6. Every child has the
right to an education
commensurate
with
his abilities and to
the development of
his
skills
for
the
improvement of his
capacity for service to
himself and to his
fellowmen.

Rights of a Child
7. Every child has the
right
to
full
opportunities for safe
and
wholesome
recreation
and
activities,
individual
as well as social, for
the wholesome use of
his leisure hours.

Rights of a Child
8. Every child has the
right
to
protection
against
exploitation,
improper
influences,
hazards,
and
other
conditions
or
circumstances
prejudicial
to
his
physical,
mental,
emotional, social and
moral development.

Rights of a Child
9. Every child has the
right
to
live
in
a
community and a society
that can offer him an
environment free from
pernicious
influences
and conducive to the
promotion of his health
and the cultivation of
his desirable traits and
attributes.

Rights of a Child
10. Every child has the
right
to
the
care,
assistance,
and
protection of the State,
particularly when his
parents or guardians fail
or are unable to provide
him
with
his
fundamental needs for
growth,
development,
and improvement.

Rights of a Child
11. Every child has the
right to an efficient and
honest government that
will deepen his faith in
democracy and inspire
him with the morality of
the
constituted
authorities both in their
public and private lives.

Rights of a Child
12. Every child has the
right to grow up as a
free individual, in an
atmosphere of peace,
understanding,
tolerance, and universal
brotherhood, and with
the
determination
to
contribute his share in
the building of a better
world.

THE SITUATION OF FILIPINO

CHILDREN AND YOUNG PERSONS

THE SITUATION OF FILIPINO CHILDREN AND

YOUNG PERSONS

While there will always be young people who continue to experiment

with sex, drugs and alcohol, todays generation of young Filipinos seem to
behave better compared to their counterpart a decade ago.

Findings from the 2013 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study
(YAFS 4) released today by the Demographic Research and Development
Foundation, Inc. (DRDF) and the University of the Philippines Population
Institute (UPPI) show that the levels of current drug use, drinking alcohol
and smoking among young people aged 15-24 have dropped considerably.
The declining pattern is found in the practices of both young men and
women, as well as in younger and older youth.

THE SITUATION OF FILIPINO CHILDREN AND

YOUNG PERSONS

The percentage of young people who are current smokers declined

from 20.9 percent in 2002 to 19.7 percent in 2013.

Eleven years ago, 41 percent of young Filipinos reported to be current

alcohol drinkers. Now, 37 percent of young adults are engaged in this
behavior.

But the most substantial decline is found in drug use. Only 4 percent
admitted to have ever used drugs in 2013, compared to almost 11 percent in
2002.

The National Capital Region has the highest level of youth smokers (27
percent) while ARMM registered the lowest. Only 12 percent of young
people in ARMM are smokers.

THE SITUATION OF FILIPINO CHILDREN AND

YOUNG PERSONS

A total of 1,100 Filipino youth aged 15 to 24 years old were recorded as

HIV-positive from January to August 2014. In August alone, 146 cases of
HIV in the same age bracket were recorded by the Department of Health.

The Filipino youth are worse off than their counterparts in countries
such as Vietnam, Indonesia, Morocco, and Ghana, - countries, like the
Philippines, that are also classified as "lower-middle income" - a study said.

In a survey conducted by Global Youth Well-being Index, which

measures a set of 40 indicators that address the overall national environment,
youth-specific outcomes, and youths' outlook and satisfaction levels across
six interconnected aspects of their lives (domains): citizen participation,
economic opportunity, education, health, information and communications
technology (ICT), and safety and security. The Philippines placed 22nd
among 30 countries included in the rankings.

THE SITUATION OF FILIPINO CHILDREN AND

YOUNG PERSONS

The Filipino youth, the study said, ranked weakest at citizen

participation (24th) and economic opportunity (24th). They also ranked
23rd in Information and Communications Technology (ICT), 21st in
health, 19th in education, and 18th in safety and security.

The literacy rate of youth in Philippines was reported at 98 percent in

2013 (NSO, 2013). The literacy rate of young Filipinos has improved
over the last 30 years, from 92% in 1980 to 98% in 2008.

A total of 5,825,425 children and youth are at risk: consisting of

3,000,000 children with disabilities, 246,011 street children; 64,000 victims
of armed conflict; 2,400,000 who are exposed to hazardous working
conditions; 4,097 sexually abused; 11,317 in conflict with the law; 3,694
abandoned and neglected, and 100,000 commercial sexually exploited.

THE SITUATION OF FILIPINO CHILDREN AND

YOUNG PERSONS

Latest statistics of street and working children show that there are
approximately four million street and working children and youth in the
country which accounted for 20% of the total number of employed persons.

Out of this 2.2 million children and youth, are forced to stop schooling
who are working in hazardous conditions.

These children are vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. About 37

percent of the children work from5-8 hours a day, while approximately nine
percent worked for more than eight hours and about one-fourth worked even
in the evenings

 http://www.philstar.com/news-feature/2014/04/04/1308788
/filipino-youth-worse-peers-asia-africa
http://www.drdf.org.ph/yafs4/pressrelease/02-06-2014/02
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/643304/did-you-know-filipin
o-youth-who-are-hiv-positive
http://
www.academia.edu/9402749/Ameliorating_Poverty_The_
Views_of_Filipino_Youth
http://www.bgcgrandrapids.org/uploads/files/Youth_Deve
lopment_Characteristics.pdf

REFERENCES :

THANK YOU.