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20log(0.707)=3dB
1
0
fc
f1
(frequency)
GB Product : f1 = Gd fc
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Operational Amplifier
GB Product
Example: Determine the cutoff frequency of an op-amp
having a unit gain frequency f1 = 10 MHz and voltage
differential gain Gd = 20V/mV
(Voltage Gain)
Sol:
Since f1 = 10 MHz
Gd
0.707Gd
? Hz
f1 = Gd fc
10MHz
fc = f1 / Gd = 10 MHz / 20 V/mV
= 10 106 / 20 103
= 500 Hz
fc
f1
(frequency)
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Operational Amplifier
Operational Amplifier
Noninverting Amplifier
(1)
in
(2)
(3)
Rf
Rf
Setting V+ = V yields
Vi Vi Vo
0
or
Ra
Rf
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Ra
Rf
Vo
1
Vi
Ra
Operational Amplifier
v+
vi
v-
vo
R1
vo (1
v+
v-
Rf
Ra
R2
v-
)vi
vo
vo
Rf
Ra
Noninverting amplifier
v+
R1
R2
v-
vo
Rf
Rf
Voltage follower
vo vi
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v+
Rf
Ra
vi
vi
Operational Amplifier
R2
vo
vi
R1 R2
6
Inverting Amplifier
Rf
0
Ra
Rf
Ra
V ~
in
Operational Amplifier
Multiple Inputs
(1) Kirchhoff node equation at
V+ yields,
V 0
Va
Vb
(2) Kirchhoff node equation at Vc
V yields,
V_ Vo
Rf
Rf
Ra
Rb
Rc
V Va V Vb V Vc
0
Ra
Rb
Rc
c V
(3) Setting VV+a = V
Vb yields
Vc
j
Vo R f
R f
j a R j
Ra Rb Rc
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Operational Amplifier
Inverting Integrator
Now replace resistors Ra and Rf by complex
components Za and Zf, respectively, therefore
Zf
Vo
Vin
Supposing
Za
(i) The feedback component is a capacitor C, in
i.e.,
1
Zf
j C
(ii) The input component
is a resistor R, Za = R
Therefore, the closed-loop gain (Vo/Vin) become:
Za
V ~
where
~
V
What happens if Z = 1/jC whereas, Z = R?
vi (t ) Vi e
Inverting differentiator
9/7/16
Operational Amplifier
j t
in
1
vo (t )
vi (t )dt
RC
Zf
Op-Amp Integrator
Example:
+5V
0
R
100s
10 k
0.01F
V
Vo(max)=10 V
Solution:
(a) Rate of change of the output voltage
Vo
V
5V
i
t
RC (10 k)(0.01 F )
50 mV/ s
9/7/16
Operational Amplifier
+5V
0
0
-5V
-10V
10
Op-Amp Differentiator
R
0
to
C
t1
t2
t1
to
dVi
RC
dt
vo
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Operational Amplifier
11
t2
Non-ideal case
(Inverting Amplifier)
Rf
Ra
Vin ~
in
Equivalent Circuit
Rf
Ra
R
R
V
+ +
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Vin
Zin
Practical op-amp
Zout
Vout
AVin
-AV
Operational Amplifier
12
Close-Loop Gain
Applied KCL at V terminal,
Vin V V Vo V
0
Ra
R
Rf
By using the open loop gain,
Rf
Ra
in
R R
+ +
Vo AV
Vin Vo
Vo
Vo
Vo
Ra ARa AR R f AR f
R R Ra R f Ra R ARa R
Vin Vo f
Ra
Ra
Rf
in
V R
ARa R R f
AR R f
Vo
Av
Vin R R f Ra R f Ra R ARa R
Operational Amplifier
-AV
9/7/16
13
Close-Loop Gain
When the open loop gain is very large, the above equation become,
Av ~
Rf
Ra
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Operational Amplifier
14
Input Impedance
Rf
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V R f Ro
if
1 A
Operational Amplifier
Ra
in
V R
+ +
-AV
R'
if
V
Rf
R
+
-AV
15
Input Impedance
Finally, we find the input impedance as,
1
1 A
Rin Ra
R
R
R
f
o
Rin Ra
R ( R f Ro )
R f Ro (1 A) R
( R f Ro )
(1 A)
Again with R f Ro (1 A)
Rin ~ Ra
Operational Amplifier
16
Output Impedance
Only source-free output impedance would be considered,
i.e. Vi is assumed to be 0
Firstly, with figure (a),
Rf
Ra
Ra // R
Ra R
V
Vo V
Vo
R f Ra // R
Ra R f Ra R R f R
R
V
io
+
-AV
io (1 Ro )( Ra R f Ra R R f R ) (1 A) Ra R
Rf
V
Ra
i2
V
+
-AV
Ro ( Ra R f )
ARa
Operational Amplifier
(a)
i1
17
(b)