ANGLE MODULATION

By Amitava Nath, MBA, FIE.

DEFINITION OF
ANGLE MODULATION
In Angle Modulation, either
Frequency or Phase of the Carrier is
varied according to the message
signal but the Amplitude of the
Carrier remains unchanged.
Angle Modulation has two
components-Frequency Modulation
-Phase Modulation

SINE WAVE
CHARACTERISTICS
Amplitude
Period

Phase

Time

PHASE VS. FREQUENCY

To understand the difference

between phase and frequency,
a signal can be thought of
using a phasor diagram. The
phase
distance from the center is the
signal's amplitude. The angle
from the positive horizontal
axis is the phase.

PHASE VS. FREQUENCY

(ch

se
a
h
p
e
g
an

g
n
a
h
)/(c

)
e
m
i
et

The change in the phase over

time (the phase velocity) is
the signal's frequency.

PHASE VS. FREQUENCY

Phase

Frequency
t

UNDERSTANDING ANGLE
MODULATION
Frequency Modulation

Phase Modulation

Understanding Angle
Modulation
Frequency Modulation

Envelope

The envelope, meaning the difference between

the maximum and minimum of the carrier, is
constant in an FM signal. That's why FM is
called a constant envelope signal.

FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)

In FM, the instantaneous frequency of
the Carrier is varied in proportion with
the Amplitude of the Modulating signal.
The Amplitude of the Carrier remains
constant.
Thus, the information is conveyed via
frequency changes.
The amount by which the frequency of
Carrier varies from its un-modulated
value is called deviation.

Figure 5.18 Frequency modulation

FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)

Modulating
signal x(t) may be written as
x(t)=
Carrier signal c(t) may be represented asc(t)=)
Maximum Frequency deviation is given by Modulation Index is given by= / & also = ( )/

FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)

Frequency
Sensitivity is given by
= f/. Unit of is Hz/Volt.
BW= 2 * Nos. of significant sidebands.
BW of FM Wave= 2 [f +. This is called
Carsons Rule. This result is correct if
modulation index is greater than 6.
Deviation Ratio = (Max Deviation/Max
Modulating Frequency)

FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)

Percentage

Modulation of FM Wave %Modulation = (Actual Frequency

Deviation/
Maximum Allowed
Deviation)
Equation of FM Wave is given bys(t)=
Transmitted Power R
= , R=1 Ohm.

PHASE MODULATION (PM)

In PM, the instantaneous Phase of the
Carrier is varied in proportion with the
Amplitude of the Modulating signal.
The Amplitude of the Carrier remains
constant.
Thus, the information is conveyed via
Phase changes.

Figure 5.20 Phase modulation

PHASE MODULATION (PM)

PM wave s(t) may be represented ass(t)=,
where is the Phase Deviation of PM.
As a special case for the purpose of
simplicity,
we may take, , the PM Wave iss(t)=
Modulation Index = *

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FM & PM

For FM, the frequency of carrier rises with rise
in the modulating signal value of amplitude. It
attains the highest value at the peak of
Modulating signal. Then with the fall in
amplitude of modulating signal, the frequency
of FM wave decreases and it is lowest at the
most negative value of the amplitude of the
modulating signal. Then FM carrier frequency
starts to increase with rising of modulating
wave amplitude.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FM & PM

The phase of the PM wave lags with rise in the
value of the amplitude of the modulating signal.
It comes to its lowest value at the peak of the
amplitude of the modulating signal. Then with
the fall in amplitude of the modulating signal,
the PM wave starts to have phase lead and it
comes to its highest value when there is negative
peak of the amplitude of the modulating signal.
Next with rise in the amplitude of the modulating
signal, the PM wave starts to show phase lag.

PARAMETERS OF WIDEBAND FM
Modulation Index of Wideband FM is
greater than 1.
Maximum Permissible Deviation is 75
Khz.
Maximum permissible modulating
frequency is 15 Khz.
Bandwidth is very high.
Wideband FM Systems are commonly
being used in Wideband Broadcasting.

PARAMETERS OF NARROWBAND
FM

Modulation Index of Narrowband FM is

less than or slightly greater than 1.
Maximum Permissible Deviation is 5 Khz.
Maximum permissible modulating
frequency is 3 Khz.
Bandwidth is small.
Narrowband FM Systems are commonly
being used in Police Wireless,
Ambulances etc..

ANGLE MODULATION FEATURES

Noise Reduction
Improved System Fidelity
More efficient use of power.
Increased Bandwidth
More complex circuits.

APPLICATIONS

Radio Broadcasting
TV Transmission.
Police Wireless Communications.
Cellular Radio Systems.
Microwave Communications.
Satellite Communications.

THANKS

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