Challenges to

Diplomacy: The
Philippine
Experience in WPS
GLORIA JUMAMIL-MERCADO, PhD, MNSA
SVP for Development Education and Dean

Outline of Presentation
A.

Philippine Framework

B.

Some Theoretical
Frameworks

C.

Economic Diplomacy

D.

Foreign Aid

No
exis why in
to states
nationalities,
reason
ts
communiti
addition
other groups
diasporas,
es, as
and
should
not emerging
bereligiousglobal
actorsIn the
politics,
legitimate
however, the
state
sovereignty and
treated
authority are withering and no alternative,
such as some system of world government,
is about to fill the vacuum.
- Samuel P.
Huntington, 2001

Philippine
Experience /
Framework

B ackground

External environment
The end of the Cold War opened the
floodgates to a
revolution from the
traditional government to government
diplomacy.
A time in history when globalization
began to be widely used. The increasing
interconnectedness between states led
to the globalization of politics
and
markets.

B ackground

External environment
A period where the world saw the
emergence of a wide-range of human
activities which are no longer consistent
with
geographical
locations
or
government permissions or regulations.

Philippines: 1987
Constitution
Article 2 Declaration of
Principles
Section 7
The state shall pursue an independent
foreign policy. In its relations with
other states the paramount
consideration shall be the national
sovereignty, territorial integrity,
national interest, and the right to selfdetermination.

Philippines: 1987
Constitution
Article 2 Declaration of
Principles
Section 2
The Philippines renounces war as an
instrument of national policy, adopts
the generally accepted principles of
international law of the land and
adheres to the policy of peace,
equality, justice, freedom,
cooperation, and amity with all
nations.

T hree Foreign Policy

Objectives

1.

National security

2.

Development diplomacy

3.

The promotion of the

welfare of the Filipinos
overseas

T hree Foreign Policy

Objectives

1.

National security

state or condition wherein the

peoples way of life and
institutions, their territorial integrity
and sovereignty including their well
being are protected and enhanced
Instruments of National Power
(Political, Economic, Sociocultural, and Military)

National Security
Objectives
MORALSPIRITUAL
CONSENSUS
CULTURAL
COHESIVENESS
ECONOMIC SOLIDARITY
SOCIO-POLITICAL STABILITY
ECOLOGICAL BALANCE
TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY

External

T hree Foreign Policy

Objectives

Development
diplomacy
- Engaging the world
2.

advancing the

community in
countrys pursuit of
developm an
sustainable
up to
trad ent
investment d
Stepped
tourism
in
bilateral,
sub-regional
growth.promote
e,
and
fora and
on
resourc
and
multilateral
protecties th
emphasized agricultu
human
development,
enhanci basi
ng developm
e
environment re,
ng
c
ent
and services

T hree Foreign Policy

Objectives
3.

The promotion of the

welfare of the Filipinos
overseas

- The long term goal of the Philippines is to

bring back the Overseas Filipino Workers

to an industrialized home country where
employment opportunities abound.

On the short term, the Philippines is

working towards effective delivery of
consular services to the
increasing
number of Filipino nationals working and
living abroad.

OFW
Remittances
1998-2010 (US$B)

GIVENS (Underlying
Realities)
1.

China, Japan and the United states and

their
relationships will be the
determining
influence
in
the
security
situation
and economic
evolution of east Asia

RP Country
Markets
US$ 32.2 Billion : %
Share

GIVENS (Underlying
Realities)

2. More

and more, Philippine foreign

policy decisions have to made in the
context of the ASEAN.

The Significance of ASEAN

for Regional Cooperation
ASEAN is the most successful regional alliance in
the world after the EU
The plan is to establish a SE Asian Community in
2015 with an economic, security policy, and sociocultural branch
The ASEAN Charter which is being reviewed
presently does not provide for supra national
cooperation
However, it intends to formalize previously informal
cooperation as part of the charter

 Furthermore, modification of the principle of

non-intervention in the domestics affairs of
nations and the introduction of a majority vote
in certain cases is planned
In 1997, ASEA heads of states agreed on a
common vision and announced that the ASEAN
would intensify security policy, economic, and
socio-cultural cooperation by 2020.

GIVENS (Underlying
Realities)
3.
The international Islamic community
will continue to be important to the
Philippines.

GIVENS (Underlying
Realities)
4.
The economic growth will
continue to dependent on
foreign investments

FDIs were low compared to its ASEAN neighbors, hit

rock bottom in 2001

be
heavily

GIVENS (Underlying
5.Realities)
The coming years will see the

growing
importance of multilateral and interregional organizations to
promote
common interests.

GIVENS (Underlying
Realities)

6.

The
defense
of
the
nations
sovereignty and the protection of its
environment and natural resources
lie in the heart of foreign policy.

GIVENS (Underlying
Realities)

7.

A country like the Philippines can

benefit from international tourism.

GIVENS (Underlying
Realities)

8.

Overseas Filipinos will continue to

play a critical role in the countrys
economic and social stability

OFW Deployments (

Some
Theoreti
cal
Framewo

Levels of Analysis
M

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

STATE & SOCIETAL

GROUP

R
O

INDIVIDUAL

M
I
C

Theoretical
Framework
Realism Map
Neo-realism
Basic
Tenet

State

Power

International
System

International
Organization

-parsimonious/
enduring
-Politics and history
-State survival
-economuc game is
power

-Paradigm of realism
and liberalism
-Structure affect behavior
the of state both in
international and domestic

New
model/
mechanism

Liberalism

-Free Trade/positive
sum game/Ca
-Interdependence
Free market

Neoliberalism
-Democracies
promote peace
-No barriers
-multilateral rel.
-interdependence

-Economic power
-Power of state is
devolved upwards
and downwards
-have various
interest

-Principal,unitary,
rational and
dominantGlobalization

-Autonomous
-Centrality of state both in
domestic and
international

Pursuit of national
interest;Military power

-Combined capacity of state

Interest/power position
determine behavior of
state
- Balance of Power

-Collective security/
Alliances
-Economic power

-Collective Security
-War is not inevitable
-Eliminate anarchy
Through cooperation

-Structures define
relationship and affect
behavior and
outcome
-Anarchical/self-help

-Inside out approach

-Anarchic but will
settle
peacefully
-Promote free trade
and cooperation

-Association of nations
under covenants
-Support to
international
law and peace

-Anarchic/ self-help
-No authority above
state
-State is still
dominant player

No-nonstate

International institution
and organizations

actor

-Minimal state role/

Declining role of state
-not autonomous

Non-state actors
likeTNCs and MNCs

Integrators/ag
peace
ents of
IGOs/INGOs/MNCs/I
Os

Theoretical
Framework Map
REALISM

Neo-

-Parsimonious
Realism enduring
Basic

realism

-Politics and history

mod

Tenet
State

-Economic game is power

-parsimonious/

-economuc game is

dominantGlobalization
domestic
power

Internation
al
System
Internation
al
Organizatio
n

-Centrality of state both in

the of state both in

domestic andand
international

-Combined capacity of state

-Pursuit of national
interest position
international
Interest/power
Pursuit of national
-MIlitary
power

determine behavior of
interest;Military power
- Balance of Power

- Anarchic / self-helpstate

-Anarchic/

self-help

-Structures define

-No authority above state

-No authority above

relationship and affect

-State is still the dominant player

state

-State is still

behavior and outcome

No-nonstate
dominant
player

International institution
- No non-state actor-Anarchical/self-help

actor

Liberalis
m

-Free Trade/positive
sum game/Ca
-Interdependence
Free market

-Paradigm of realism

-Principal
unitar , rational, dominant
enduring
y -Autonomous
and liberalism
-Principal,unitary,
-Politics
and
history
- Globalization
-Structure affect behavior
rationalsurvival
and
-State

Power

New
el/mechanism

and organizations

-Minimal state role/

Declining role of state
-not autonomous

-Collective security/
Alliances
-Economic power
-Inside out approach
-Anarchic but will
settle
peacefully
-Promote free trade
and
cooperation
Non-state actors
likeTNCs and MNCs

Neoliberalism

-Democracies
promote peace
-No barriers
-multilateral rel.
-interdependence

-Economic power
-Power of state is
devolved upwards
and downwards
-have various
interest
-Collective Security
-War is not inevitable
-Eliminate anarchy
Through cooperation
-Association of nations
under covenants
-Support to
international
law and peace

peace
Integrators/ag
ents of
IGOs/INGOs/MNCs/I
Os

Theoretical
Framework Map
NEO -REALISM
-Paradigm of realism and liberalism
Liberalis
NeoNew anism
ealism
m
-Structure affects the behavior of the
-parsim
-Free Trade/positive
enduring state in both international & domestic
sum game/Ca
-Politics a
realism

Basic
Tenet

-State s
urvival
-econo
power muc game is

State

model/mech
-Centrality of state
in international
-Principonious/
-Paradigm of realism
rational and domestic-Autonomous

Power

the of state
-Autonomous

domin

Purs

and liberalism

-Centrality ofof
state
both
and
-Combined international
capacity
state

uit of national determine behavior of

interes
t;Military
power of power
-Balance
state

Internation
al
System
Internation
al
Organizatio
n

- Balance
of Power
-Structures
define

-Structures define relationship and

relationship and affect
affect behavior
and outcome
behavior and outcome

No-n

-Minimal state role/

Declining role of state
-not autonomous

-Structure affect behavior

in domestic and
-Interest / power
position
determine
-Combined
capacity of
state
position
behavior of Interest/power
state

-Anarchic/ self-help
-No aut
state hority above
-State
is
dominantstill

-Interdependence
Free market

international and domestic

al,unitary,

nd history
antGlobalization

both in

-Anarchical-Anarchical/self-help
/ self-help

player

-International
institutions
and
and
organizations
International
institution
actor onstate
organizations

-Collective security/
Alliances
-Economic power
-Inside out approach
-Anarchic but will
settle
peacefully
-Promote free trade
and
cooperation
Non-state actors
likeTNCs and MNCs

Neoliberalism

-Democracies
promote peace
-No barriers
-multilateral rel.
-interdependence

-Economic power
-Power of state is
devolved upwards
and downwards
-have various
interest
-Collective Security
-War is not inevitable
-Eliminate anarchy
Through cooperation
-Association of nations
under covenants
-Support to
international
law and peace

peace
Integrators/ag
ents of
IGOs/INGOs/MNCs/I
Os

Theoretical
Framework Map
Realism
Basic
Tenet
State

Power

Internation
al
System
Internation
al
Organizatio
n

-parsimonious/
enduring
-Politics and history
-State survival
-economuc game is
power

-Principal,unitary,
rational and
dominantGlobalization

Pursuit of national
interest;Military power

-Anarchic/ self-help
-No authority above
state
-State is still
dominant player

No-nonstate
actor

Neorealism
-Paradigm of reali
and liberalism
-Structure affect b
the of state both
international and d
sm

New

LIBERALISM
Liberalis

-Free
trade / positive sum game / Ca
model/mechanism
m
-Interdependence
liber
-Free Market

Neoalism
cies
peace
rs
al rel.
ndence

-Free Trade/pos

Democra
itive
c power
-Economi
-Autonomous
promote
-Minimal state role / Declining
role of state state is
-Centrality of sta
sum-Minimal
game/Ca state role/ -Power of upwards
te
both
in
-No
domestic and ehavior
Declining role of state devolvednwards
-Not
autonomous
barrie
international
-not autonomous
and dow ous interest
-Interdependence
in
-have
vari
-multilater
-Combined capacity of state
-Collective
security
/
Alliances
Security
Interest/power
Free market
-Collective
osition
-Collective
security/
inevitable
omestic
p determine
anarchy
-War is not
power Alliances
beha state
vior -Economic
of
ooperation
interdepe
- Balance of Power
-Eliminate
-Inside
out approach
-Inside out approach
-Economic
power
Through c n of nations
-Structures define
-Associatio
-Anarchic but will
nants
relationship and -Anarchic but will settle peacefully
under cove
settle peacefully
behavior and o affect
al
-Anarchical/self- -Promote free trade and cooperation -Support toeace
rs/agents of
-Promote free trade
utcome
internation
peace
International ins
titution
andNon-state
help
- Non-state actors like
TNCsactors
and MNCslaw and and organizatio
GOs/MNCs/I
p
likeTNCs
and MNCs
ns
IGOs/IN Os
cooperation
-Integrato

Theoretical
Framework Map

NEO - LIBERALISM
Inward Trade and Investments

Realism
Basic
Tenet
State

-parsimonious/
enduring
-Politics and history
-State survival
-economuc game is
power

-Principal,unitary,
rational and
dominantGlobalization

Ne -Democracies promote peace

Liberalis
realio- -No barriers New
-Paradigm o
and liberal
sm
-Structure a
the of state f realism
internation

-Multilateral
relations
model/mechanism

Internation
al
System
Internation
al
Organizatio
n

Pursuit of national
interest;Military power

-Anarchic/ self-help
-No authority above
state
-State is still
dominant player

No-nonstate
actor

liberalism

-Interdependence

ism

-Autonomous-Economic
-Centrality ffect behavior

-Free

power

sum

Trade/positive

promote peace

game/Ca

-Interdependence

-Minimal
state role/
-Power of state is developed
upwards
and

both
domestic a of
statein both in

internatio

-Democracies

al and domestic

Free

market

Declining role of state devolved upwards nal -not

nd-Have various interests
interdependence
-Combineddownwards

Power

Neo-

-Economic power
-No barriers
-Power of state
-multilateral
rel. is
downwards

autonomous

and

-Collective Security

-have various
Interest/p
determine -Collective security
interest
state
-War is not inevitable
behavior
of
Alliances
capacity of state
- Balance
-War is not inevitable
-Eliminate anarchy
of
-Economic power
-Structures -Eliminate anarchy through cooperation
relations
-Support to
behavior
Through
cooperation
-Promote
free
trade
and
outcome
-Association of nations under covenants international
-Anarchic Power
and out approach
-Inside
al/self-help
and peace
-Support to international law and peace law-Association
Internatio define
of
-Anarchic but will
cooperation
and organ nations
likeTNCs and
ower position

-Collective security/

-Integrators / agents of peace

izations

hip and affect

-Integrators/agents
of
settle peacefully

-IGOs / INGOs / MNCs / IOs

nal institution

Non-state actors

under covenants

MNCs

peace
IGOs/INGO

Theoretical
Framework Map
Realism
Basic

-parsimonious/
enduring
-Politics and history

Morganthue -economuc game is

Machiavelli Carr
Krasner
-Principal,unitary,
Hamilton
Agustus
Gilpin
List
Clausewitz
Hobbes
Grotius
Rosseau
St. Augustine
Powe
r

Internation
al
System
Internation
al
Organizatio
n

interest;Military power
-Anarchic/ self-Waltz
-No
authority Krasner
state

Gilpin
Buzan
No-nonstateJones
actor
Little
Strange

-State is still
dominant player

Neorealism

New
model/mechanism

-Paradigm of realism
and liberalism
-Structure affect behavior
the of state both in
international and domestic

-Autonomous
-Centrality of state both in
domestic and
international
-Combined capacity of state
Interest/power position
determine behavior of
state
- Balance of Power
-Structures define
relationship and affect
behavior and
outcome
-Anarchical/self-help
International institution
and organizations

Burchill
Mapherson

Liberalis
m

-Free Trade/positive
sum game/Ca
-Interdependence

Fukuyama
Kant
-Minimal state role/
Declining role of state
Polanyi -not
autonomous
Carr
Keynes
security/
Hayek -Collective
Alliances
Friedman

Smith
Wilsm
Ohmae
Locke

-Anarchic but will

settle
peacefully
and
cooperation

Neoliberalism

-Democracies
promote peace
-No barriers
-multilateral rel.
-interdependence

-Economic power
-Power of state is
devolved upwards
and downwards
-have various
interest
-Collective Security
-War is not inevitable
-Eliminate anarchy
Through cooperation
-Association of nations

Wilson -Support to
law and peace

Axelrod

Non-state actors
likeTNCs and MNCs

peace
IGOs/INGOs/MNCs/I
Os

Theoretical
Framework Map
Realism

Neo-realism

Wendt, Adler.
Onuf,Reus- Smit,
Klonosky
CONSTRUCTIVISM

Basic
Tenet
State

Power

Internation
al
System
Internation
al
Organizatio
n

-parsimonious/
enduring
-Politics and history
-State survival
-economuc game is
power

-Principal,unitary,
rational and
dominantGlobalization

Pursuit of national
interest;Military power

-Anarchic/ self-help
-No authority above
state
-State is still
dominant player

No-nonstate
actor

-Paradigm of realism
and liberalism
-Structure affect beh
the of state both in avior
international and do

Liberalism
m

Trade/positive
State behavior is
-Free game/Ca
shape by elites,
dependence
belief, identities, summarket
and social norms -Inter
Free

mestic

-Autonomous
-State and National
mal state role/
-Mini
-Centrality of state both in
are result of social
ining role of state
domestic and
Decl
identities of actors
international
-not autonomous
-Combined capacity of state
Interest/power pos
ective security/
expressed in Ideas,
ition
-Coll
determine behavior
ances
Culture, Ideational
state
nomic power
of
Alli
Power
- Balance of Power
-Eco
-Inside out approach
-Anarchic but will
-Structures define
e
relationship and affect -Structures and
peacefully
mote free trade
behavior and out settl
Processes
-Anarchical/self-he
-Pro
come
cooperation
International institu
lp
tion Many Actors andNon-state actors
and organizations
TWCs, NGOs,NPOslikeTNCs and MNCs

CSOs,IOs

Neoliberalism
-Democracies
promote peace
-No barriers
-multilateral rel.
-interdependence
-Economic power
-Power of state is
devolved upwards
and downwards
-have various
interest
-Collective Security
-War is not inevitable
-Eliminate anarchy
Through cooperation
-Association of nations
under covenants
-Support to
international
law and peace

peace
Integrators/ag
ents of
IGOs/INGOs/MNCs/I
Os

Economic Diplomacy

Not the classical kind of diplomacy.

Emphasis is placed not only in foreign
policy, but also soft politic issues
such as trade, development and
tourism.

The focus is on providing opportunities

for assuring development gains from
international
trade
and
trade
negotiations for developing countries.

Economic
Based
on the
Diplomacy

- s tates
principle
have
an with
interdependent
relationship
another state; they are dependent on
each other economically, financially,
technically,
and/or
politically.
(although on varying degrees and on
case to case basis)
Example: The US-Japan reciprocal relations.
US is the most important market for Japanese exports;
US is a favored Japanese foreign direct investment.
US
is Japans only military ally that guarantees
countrys
the security.
Japan is the 3rd largest market for US exports and source for
strategic goods like semiconductors.
Japan is a major buyer of American Treasury bonds that are sold
to finance the huge deficit of the US trade balance.

Foreign Aid

Realities of developing countries:

1. They need a fair chance to trade
without
having to
their way
out of poverty
face
tariffs against
and
quotas or
to compete
products that are subsidized from
rich countries.
2. They need relief from
unsustainable debts. In order to
make a full transition to a sound
and open economy they need
increased aid from wealthier
countries.

Foreign Aid
Developed countries traditionally have

athistory
aid with
great
skepticism
Thislooked
troubled
made
it easy
to say that
because of what transpired
during
foreign aid is an ineffective development
the Cold War.
tool. Too much aid being wasted on
corrupt and inefficient
governments.
Before, the Soviet Union and the
wealthier nations in the West u sed
aid primarily to REWARD LOYALTY.
(All the corruption and waste is
secondary to what the donor country
wants which is political allegiance)

Foreign Aid
In the turn of the Century - Developed
nations have come to realize that we live
in ONE WORLD (no one in the world can
feel comfortable while so many are
suffering and deprived)

The growing gap between the poor

as former US President Bush says,

both a challenge to our compassion

and a source of instability.

Foreign Aid

Currently, aid has become a normal

component of
the international
relations
of
rich
countries.
Developed countries give foreign aid
around the world in support of their
respective foreign policy goals.

Since 2006, Official foreign aid has

exceeded $ 100 billion a year !!!

Foreign Aid

The U.S.
through
the U.S.
Development
p rovides
Agency for
International
(USAID)
economic,
d evelopment and
humanitarian
assistance around the the
world in support of the US foreign
policy goals.

USAIDs Work in the Asian

Region

Protecting
U.S.
vital
regional
interests by strengthening ties with
countries that share their democratic
values and building upon successful
counter-terrorism programs.

Promoting freedom, democracy, and

human rights by supporting
democratic institutions; nurturing
civil societies; and pressing for the
transition of states to a democratic
government (Burma).

USAIDs Work in the Asian

Region

Expanding trade and investment by

fostering
development
where
reducing poverty is key to peace and
security.
Improving
thebusiness
climate
and
economic
competitiveness
Promoting transparency and
fighting corruption
Protecting intellectual property
Supporting poverty reduction
Promoting sustained economic

USAIDs Work in the Asian

Region

Developing regional institutions such

as ASEAN and APEC, through
multilateral cooperation.

Promoting sound
environmental conservation
and energy practices.

Improving quality of life

by
educating people and combating
infectious diseases.

 So many worlds, so much to do,

such things to be .. yet, so
little time
Thank you!!!
Gloria