VALUES AND ATTITUDES

Is this behaviour ethical?

Is

it ethical to

take

office stationary for home use?

Make personal long-distance calls from the office?
Use company time for personal business?
Or do these behaviours constitute stealing?
If

you exaggerate your credentials in an

interview, is it lying?
Is lying to protect a coworker acceptable?
How do you differentiate between a bribe and
a gift?

Is it immoral to do less than your best in terms

of work performance?
If there are slight defects in a product you are
selling, are you obliged to tell the buyer?
If you pretend to be more successful than you
are in order to impress your boss, are you being
deceitful?

What is Value?

Values are broad preferences concerning

courses of action or outcomes.

Basic convictions/ enduring beliefs that a

specific mode of conduct or end state of
existence is personally or socially
preferable to an opposite or converse
mode of conduct or end state of
existence.

Values
They

are relatively stable and enduring

Values
Values

are not fixed, but they change slowly

contain content attributes( mode of

conduct) and intensity attributes

Sources of Value System

A significant

portion is established during early

years
The environment in which the individual is
brought up also influences ones value system
Certain values are developed over time and
these are continuously reinforced.
In America achievement, peace, cooperation,
equity and democracy are societal values.
In India tolerance, sacrifice, respect, god
fearing and renunciation are important social
values.

Types of Values
( Milton Rokeach Value Survey)

Terminal Values- the desirable end-states of

existence ( a comfortable life, freedom,
working for the unprivileged)

Instrumental values-the preferable modes of

behaviour, or means of achieving the terminal
values ( hardworking, helpful, responsible)

Values and Ethics

Ethics

is an extension of value considerations.

There is increasing evidence that ethical
practices translate into better financial
performance for organizations. 188 Fortune
500 companies convicted for unethical
practices had significantly lower return on
assets as well as returns on sales.
In India companies like Tata, WIPRO, Infosys
and L&T show how ethics and profitability go
together.

Values Across Culture

(Greet Hofstead's findings)

Power distance

Individualism versus collectivism

Masculinity Vs femininity

Uncertainty avoidance

Long Vs Short term orientation

Indulgence Vs restrains

Values Across Culture

Value
Dimensions

India

USA

china

Power distance

77

40

80

Individualism
versus
collectivism

48

91

20

Masculinity Vs
femininity

56

62

66

Uncertainty
avoidance

40

46

30

Long Vs Short
51
term orientation

26

87

Indulgence Vs

68

24

26

Indulgence Vs restrains

This is the most recent addition to Hofsteads typology.

Indulgence is the degree to which it is alright for people to

enjoy life, have fun and fulfill natural human desires.

Restrain is the extent to which there are social norms

governing the gratification of basic human desires and human
behaviour.

Can you recognize Hofsteads Value dimensions

highlighted in the following statements?

Cooperation is considered better because it promotes

harmony between people.

People strive for personal achievement

People believe in minimizing inequality

People are more willing to take risks and more

comfortable with individual differences.

Cultures values are oriented towards future

What is an attitude?

Attitude can be defined as a persistent psychological

tendency to feel and behave in a particular way
towards some object.

They are evaluative statements- either favorable or

unfavorable concerning objects, people, or events

Model of an Attitude

Influences on Attitude Formation

Direct Experience

Social Learning

Are Attitudes Consistent?

People

seek consistency among their

attitudes and between their attitudes and
their behaviour.

When

there is an inconsistency, attempts are

made either to alter the attitudes or the
behaviour or to develop rationalization for
the discrepancy.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Leon

Festinger)

Cognitive Dissonance refers to any incompatibility that

an individual might perceive between two or more of his
or her attitudes or between his or her behaviour and
attitudes.

The desire to reduce the dissonance would be

determined by The

importance of the elements

The

degree of influence the individual believes he or she has

over the elements

The

rewards that may be involved in the dissonance

Attitude Behaviour
Relationship
Attitude

Specificity
Attitude Relevance
Measurement Timing ( the shorter the
time between the attitude measurement
and the observed behaviour, the stronger
the relationship between A & B
Personality Factors ( self monitoring)
Social Constraints

How to change attitudes?

Persuasion
Communication
New

information
Resolving the discrepancies
Influence of friends & peers
Reduced relevance of an object
Use of fear and reward
Training

Job related Attitudes

Job satisfaction

Job involvement

Organisational commitment

Employee engagement

Perceived organizational support

Work Attitudes
Job satisfaction

Organizational
commitment

Organizational
Citizenship
Behavior

Workplace
deviance
behavior

What is job satisfaction?

Job satisfaction is the overall attitude of an

individual toward his or her job.

E.A. Locke(1976) defines job satisfaction as a

pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from
the appraisal of ones job or job experience.

JS is a relatively stable disposition.

How satisfied people are?

People

are generally satisfied with their jobs.

Seventy

one percent of Indian workers are

satisfied with their job.

Satisfaction
Western

level varies for different groups.

Vs Eastern cultures

Determinants of Job
Satisfaction

Organizational Factors

Individual Determinants

Reward system

Status and seniority

Nature of work

Age

Quality of supervision

Marital Status

Working condition

No. of dependents

Supportive colleagues

Personality

Decentralization of power

General life satisfaction

Personality-job fit

The Effect of JS on Work Behaviour

Job performance

Absenteeism

Turnover

Accidents

Customer satisfaction

OCB

Physical and mental health

What satisfies Indian Employees

Managers/Supervisors- Responsibility, work

itself, achievement, recognition , relationship
with co-workers are the most important factors
contributing to the job satisfaction of Indian
managers/supervisor. Domestic life and adequate
money also satisfy them.
Workers-Most important factor is money. This is
followed by job security. ( 12 out of 16 studies
confirm this).