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Radio Interference

Radio interference
Electromagnetic interference
Electromagnetic interference (or EMI,
also called radio frequency
interference or RFI when in high
frequency or radio frequency) is
disturbance that affects an electrical
circuit due to either electromagnetic
induction or electromagnetic radiation
emitted from an external source

Electromagnetic spectrum
Radio- 3Hz - 300 GHz

Electromagnetic
environment

EMI - Problems
Pressure flow temperature signal transmitter signal
distortion
Radio and TV interference
Telephone Interference-cross talk
Mal-operation or non operation of electronic
equipment.

EMI sources
Sources corona discharge,
Transformers, line conductors,
rotating machines.
High dv/dt & di/dt
Sudden change in the
electromagnetic field during turn on
and turn off of a switch generates
EMI.
Power electronic devices- SMPS,
inverters

Energy transfer
Noise Source
Coupling Medium
Receptor

SOURCE

COUPLIN
G
CHANNEL

RECEPTO
R

Coupling methods
1. Radiated coupling
EMI propagates by radiation in the same way
as antenna. It emits energy in the form of
electromagnetic waves
Radiation due to electric field
Radiation due to magnetic field
Radiation due to electromagnetic field

2. Conductive coupling

Electric coupling

V1

Et

Electric
field
2

Impedance
to ground

Physical
representation

2
c12

V1

Z2

Equivalent
Circuit

When two circuits are coupled by an electric field, the coupling can be
represented by a capacitor
9

Magnetic coupling
Conductor 1 with
Current Is

Is

Physical
representation

Conductor 2

Magnetic
field

M12

Vn

Is

Equivalent
Circuit

When two circuits are coupled by an magnetic field, the coupling can be
represented by a mutual inductance.
10

Conducted and Radiated noise


Motor supply leads
carrying noise current

Conductively
Coupled noise
R
Y
B

Power
converter

Circuit 1

Low level
Circuit 1

Circuit 2

Low level
Circuit 2

DC
Motor

EMI REDUCTION TECHNIQUES

EMI filtering
Grounding & Shielding
Isolation
Separation & Orientation

ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATBILITY
(EMC)

EMC Standards

(a) Emblem of European standard for EMC (b) Emblem of


FCC standard

Measurements of Radio
Interference Voltage
Noise generated in the radio
frequency band may be measured:
by the radio frequency line to ground
voltage known as the radio influence
voltage or RIV (in laboratory)
as an interfering field by means of an
antenna known as the radiated radio
interference voltage or RI (field
investigation)

Circuit for RIV measurement

C2- coupling capacitor


L2- Choke
L1,C1- Filter
Radio noise meter portable radio receiver

Test Circuits for the


Measurements
The RIV meter calibrated as per standards
The important components of the circuits are:
The radio frequency choke to limit the loss of the RIV
voltage and to conduct energy from the sample. The
choke itself should be free from noise, and its
impedance should be less than 1500
The coupling capacitor C (< 0.001 F); it should be
free from noise in the operating range and the
resistance of R should be equal to 800.
Coaxial cable (CA): A coaxial cable of characteristic
impedance 185 shall be connected between the
resistance R and the radio noise meter.

Surge Diverter
Voltage surge A sudden rise in voltage
for a very short duration on the power
system is known as voltage surge.
Causes- lightning, Switching surges
Surge diverter is a protective device
which conducts high voltage surges on a
power system to ground.

Rod Gap Surge diverter

Tests on Surge Diverters


Power Frequency Spark-over Test:
The arrester has to withstand at least
1.5 times the rated value of the
voltage for five successive
applications.
Both dry and wet conditions are
tested

100% Standard Impulse Spark-over Test:

To ensure that the diverter operates


positively
Std. impulse voltage of a pre-set
magnitude specified in the
specifications applied
Arrester has to spark-over every time in
each of the ten successive applications
Both positive and negative polarity
waveforms applied

Front of Wave Spark-over


Test
To ensure that diverter flashes over for very
steep fronted waves of high peaks
1OO kV/ s, per 12 kV of the rating is used
The test is done by conducting hundred per cent
spark-over voltage test for increasing
magnitudes of the standard impulse wave.
The time to spark-over is measured.
Intersection of the V-t characteristic and the line
with slope of the virtual steepness of the front
gives the front of a wave spark-over voltage.

Residual Voltage Test


Conducted on pro-rated diverters of ratings in the
range 3 to 12 kV only.
The voltage developed across the Non-Linear Resistor
units (NLR) during the flow of surge currents through
the arrester is-called the 'residual voltage
Standard impulse currents are applied and voltage
developed across the diverter is recorded with CRO
Graph is drawn between the current magnitudes and
the voltage developed across the diverter pro-rated
unit
Residual voltage corresponding to the exact rated
current is obtained from the graph

High Current Impulse Test on Surge


Diverters
Current impulse wave of 4/10 s of peak value
is applied
Two such applications are done on the units
under test with sufficient time for cooling
The unit is said to pass the test, if:
the power frequency spark-over voltage before and
after the test does not differ by more than 10%
the voltage and current waveforms of the diverter do
not differ significantly in the two applications, and
the non-linear resistance elements in the diverter do
not show any sign of puncture or external flashover.

Long Duration Impulse


Current Test

A
rectangular impulse wave generated
by an artificial transmission line with
lumped inductances and capacitances.
Duration of the current pulse depends
on number of stages LC section
t = 2(n -1) , n = no. of stages

20 applications are made with specified


current in five groups.

The diverter is said to have passed


the test, if :
the power frequency spark-over voltage
before and after the application of the
current wave does not differ by 10%
the voltage across the diverter at the first
and the last application does not differ by
more than 8%, and
there is no sign of puncture or other
damage

Operating Duty Cycle Test


Gives better closeness to actual conditions
Diverter is kept energized at its rated power
frequency supply voltage
The rated impulse current wave is applied first at a
phase angle of about 30 from the a.c. voltage zero.
If the power frequency follow-on current is not
established, the angle at which current wave is
applied is advanced in steps of 10 up to 90 or the
peak position of the supply voltage wave till the
follow-on current is established.
During the follow-on current period, the peak
voltage across the diverter should be less than or
equal to the rated peak voltage.

Operating Duty Cycle Test


Gives better closeness to actual conditions
Diverter is kept energized at its rated power
frequency supply voltage
The rated impulse current wave is applied first at a
phase angle of about 30 from the a.c. voltage zero.
If the power frequency follow-on current is not
established, the angle at which current wave is
applied is advanced in steps of 10 up to 90 or the
peak position of the supply voltage wave till the
follow-on current is established.
During the follow-on current period, the peak
voltage across the diverter should be less than or
equal to the rated peak voltage.

Twenty applications of the impulse current at


the selected points on the voltage wave are
made in four groups.
The arrester is said to have passed the test,
if:
the average power frequency spark-over voltage
before and after the test does not differ by more
than 10%
the residual voltage at the rated current does not
vary by more than 10%
the follow-on power frequency current is
interrupted each time
no significant change, signs of flashover, or
puncture occurs to the pro-rated unit

Other Tests

Mechanical tests like porosity test,


temperature cycle tests, and others
Pressure relief test
The voltage withstand test on the
insulator housing of the diverter
The switching surge flashover test
The pollution tests

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