Mechatronics

MECHANICAL + ELECTRONICS =

MECHANICAL

Mechanical engineeringis a discipline of

engineeringthat applies the principles ofphysics
andmaterials sciencefor analysis, design,
manufacturing, and maintenance ofmechanical
systems.
It is the branch of engineering that involves the
production and usage ofheatand mechanical
power for the design, production, and operation
ofmachinesandtools.It is one of the oldest and
broadestengineering disciplines.

ELECTRONICS

According to institute of electronics and electrical

engineers (IEEE) electronics is the science and
technology of passage of charged particles in gas,
vaccum or in semiconductors. It deals with conduction
of electricity in device like radio tubes and solid state
devices like transistors to get results not possible with
ordinary electrical equipments.
Electronicsdeals withelectrical circuitsthat involve
active electrical componentssuch asvacuum tubes,
transistors,diodesandintegrated circuits, and
associated passive interconnection technologies.

MECHATRONICS

French standard NF E 01-010 gives the following definition:

approach aiming at the synergistic integration of
mechanics, electronics, control theory, and computer
science within product design and manufacturing, in order
to improve and/or optimize its functionality".
A mechatronics engineer unites the principles of
mechanics, electronics, and computing to generate a
simpler, more economical and reliable system. The term
"mechatronics" was coined by Tetsuro Mori, the senior
engineer of theJapanesecompanyYaskawain 1969. An
industrial robotis a prime example of a mechatronics
system; it includes aspects of electronics, mechanics, and
computing to do its day-to-day jobs.

ELECTRONICS FOR MECHANICAL

Resistor
Capacitor
Inductor
Diode
Transistor

RESISTORS

Resistors are used to limit current or divide voltage and in some cases,
generate heat.
Used for driving circuit which requires low current and voltage than available.
A two terminal non-polarised component. Unit of resistance is ohm.
is a component which offers resistance to flow of current.

CAPACITORS

A two terminal electronic component

which stores energy in form of charge.
capacitance is a measure of a
capacitor's ability to store charge.
A large capacitance means that more
charge can be stored.
Capacitance is measured in Farads(F)
but prefixes like F and pF for smaller
values.

TYPES OF CAPACITORS

Polarized
which have specified positive and
Non-polarized
no defined polarity for terminals.

negative terminals.

PRACTICAL USE

Used for making timer circuits, when

used with resistance.
Used for providing instantaneous large
power as in flashlight of cameras.
Used in DC filter circuits.

DIODES

A two-terminal electronic component

that conducts electric current in only
one direction.

The direction of arrow

shows the only possible
direction of current.

TYPES OF DIODES
LED

i.e Light Emitting Diodes

These diodes emit light when
provided with power supply.

Photodiode
These diode generates
currents when exposed to
light.

PRACTICAL USE

Used for making gates

Used for making rectifiers
Used as a switch
LED as indicators
Photodiodes as light detector

TRANSISTOR

A transistor is a semiconductor device

commonly used to amplify or switch
electronic signals.
Device with three terminals where one
terminal can be use to control the flow
of current through the other two
terminals.
The three terminals are Emitter, Base
and Collector

MECHATRONICS SYSTEM

Automobile Cruise
Control

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

Microcontroller
(MCU)

An integrated
electronic
computing device
that includes three
major components
on a single chip

Microprocessor
(MPU)
Memory
I/O (Input/Output)
ports

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
Microcontrollers

Amicrocontroller(sometimes abbreviatedC,uCorMCU) is a small

computer on a singleintegrated circuitcontaining a processor core,
memory, and programmableinput/outputperipherals. Program memory
in the form ofNOR flashorOTP ROMis also often included on chip, as
well as a typically small amount ofRAM. Microcontrollers are designed
for embedded applications, in contrast to themicroprocessorsused in
personal computersor other general purpose applications.

But this is not the case with Microcontrollers. Microcontroller has a CPU,
in addition with a fixed amount of RAM, ROM and other peripherals all
embedded on a single chip. At times it is also termed as a mini computer
or a computer on a single chip. Today different manufacturers produce
microcontrollers with a wide range of features available in different
versions. Some manufacturers are ATMEL, Microchip, TI, Freescale,
Philips, Motorola etc.

DIGITAL
ELECTRONICS

Microprocessors

Amicroprocessorincorporates the functions of acomputer's

central processing unit(CPU) on a singleintegrated circuit(IC),or at most a
few integrated circuits.It is a multipurpose,programmabledevice that
acceptsdigital dataas input, processes it according to instructions stored in
its memory, and provides results as output. It is an example of
sequential digital logic, as it has internal memory. Microprocessors operate on
numbers and symbols represented in thebinary numeral system.
The advent of low-cost computers on integrated circuits has transformed
modern society. General-purpose microprocessors inpersonal computersare
used for computation, text editing, multimedia display, and communication
over theInternet. Many more microprocessors are part ofembedded systems,
providing digital control over myriad objects from appliances to automobiles
tocellular phonesand industrial process control.
Microprocessor find applications where tasks are unspecific like developing
software, games, websites, photo editing, creating documents etc. In such
cases the relationship between input and output is not defined. They need
high amount of resources like RAM, ROM, I/O ports etc.

LOGIC GATE
A logic gate is an elementary building block of adigitalcircuit. Most logic gates
have two inputs and one output. At any given moment, every terminal is in one
of the two binaryconditionslow(0) orhigh(1), represented by different voltage
levels. The logic state of a terminal can, and generally does, change often, as
the circuit processes data. In most logic gates, the low state is approximately
zero volts (0 V), while the high state is approximately five volts positive (+5 V).
There are seven basic logic gates: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XNOR.
What are LOGIC GATES?
A device thatperforms alogicaloperation on one or more logic inputs and
produces a single logic output. It has no Memory

SIGNAL CONDITIONING

In electronics,signal conditioningmeans manipulating

ananalog signalin such a way that it meets the
requirements of the next stage for further processing.
Most common use is inanalog-to-digital converters.

Incontrol engineeringapplications, it is common to have

a sensing stage (which consists of asensor), a signal
conditioning stage (where usually amplification of the
signal is done) and a processing stage (normally carried
out by anADCand amicro-controller).
Operational amplifiers(op-amps) are commonly
employed to carry out the amplification of the signal in
the signal conditioning stage.

SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Definition

A device which provides a usable output in response to a
specified measurand

A sensor acquires a physical parameter and converts it into a

signal suitable for processing (e.g. optical, electrical, mechanical)

A transducer
Microphone, Loud Speaker, Biological Senses (e.g. touch,
sight,ect)

APPLICATIONS OF MECHATRONICS

CNC
FMS
CIM
ROBOTS
AVCS
PLC

CNC

FMS

Aflexible manufacturing system(FMS) is a

manufacturing system in which there is some amount of
flexibilitythat allows the system to react in the case of
changes, whether predicted or unpredicted. This
flexibility is generally considered to fall into two
categories, which both contain numerous subcategories.
A Flexible Manufacturing System is one that can be
changed or adapted rapidly to manufacture different
products or components at different volumes of
production. Flexible manufacturing systems are usually
seen at their most efficient when manufacturing
components rather than finished products.

CIM

Computer-integrated manufacturing(CIM) is the

manufacturingapproach of usingcomputersto control
the entire productionprocess.This integration allows
individual processes to exchange information with each
other and initiate actions. Through the integration of
computers, manufacturing can be faster and less errorprone, although the main advantage is the ability to
create automated manufacturing processes.

Typically CIM relies onclosed-loop control processes ,

based on real-time input from sensors. It is also known
asflexible design and manufacturing

ROBOTICS

In the field ofcomputer scienceand engineering concerned

with creating robots,devicesthat can move and react to
sensoryinput. Robotics is one branch ofartificial intelligence.
Robots are now widely used in factories to perform highprecision jobs such as welding and riveting. They are also
used in special situations that would be dangerous for
humans -- for example, in cleaning toxic wastes or defusing
bombs.
Although great advances have been made in the field of
robotics during the last decade, robots are still not very useful
in everyday life, as they are too clumsy to perform ordinary
household chores.
Robot was coined by Czech playwright Karl Capek in his play
R.U.R (Rossum's Universal Robots), which opened in Prague in
1921. Robota is the Czech word for forced labor.

xamples of Modern Control Systems

AVCS

PLC

AProgrammable Logic Controller,PLCorProgrammable

Controlleris adigital computerused forautomationof
electromechanicalprocesses, such as control of machinery on
factoryassembly lines,amusement rides, orlight fixtures. The
abbreviation "PLC" and the term "Programmable Logic Controller" are
registered trademarks of theAllen-BradleyCompany (
Rockwell Automation). PLCs are used in many industries and
machines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for
multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature
ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and
impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in
battery-backed-up ornon-volatile memory.
A PLC is an example of ahardreal timesystem since output results
must be produced in response to input conditions within a limited
time, otherwise unintended operation will result.

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