Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LTE - System
Reference
LTE for UMTS (Harri Holma and Antti Toskala)
3GPP-Spec.(TS - 36 Series)
Nokia - material document for LTE(R8)
Samsung - material document for LTE(R8)
Nortel & Huawei material document for R99, R5
QCAT (Qualcomm Analysis Toolkit)
Contents
1. Introduction of LTE System
- Overview of Mobile telecom & 3GPP Road Map
- LTE System technical feature
- System Performance / Architecture
- Frame Structure (FDD / TDD)
- Physical Layer resource / Channel algorism (UL / DL)
Meritech.co.ltd
Meritech.co.ltd
2005
2000
2010+
4G
High
Speed
3G
(IMT 2000)
2G
Medium
Speed
1G
( Analog )
( Digital )
Mobile
WiMAX
CDMA/GSM/TDMA
AMPS
2.4 GHz
WLAN
Low
Speed
PAN
144 kbps
High speed
WLAN
5 GHz
WLAN
802.11n
802.11a/g
802.11b
~ 14.4 kbps
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LTE Rel-10
(LTE Advanced)
802.16m
3G LTE
(Rel-8/9)
Bluetooth
384 kbps
WPAN
UWB
RFID
ZigBee
MANet
802.15
<50 Mbps
<100 Mbps
Data
Rates
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(Channel B/W)
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Mobile-WiMax
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System BW
1.4 / 3 / 5 / 10 / 15 / 20 MHz
Multiple Access
Downlink : OFDMA / Uplink : SC-FDMA (Single Carrier-FDMA)
Duplex method
FDD (frame type1) & TDD (frame type 2)
Frame structure
Frame-TTI: 10ms (20 slots), Sub-frame -TTI: 1ms (2 slots) for FDD
Round Trip delay Time: the latency of LTE is reduced to 10ms RTT
Cf) WCDMA: 150ms / HSPA: 100ms / HSPA+: 50ms / LTE: 10ms
AMC (Adaptive Modulation Coding)
Channel dependent scheduling and link adaptation (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM)
ICIC (Inter-cell Interference Coordination)
Supported for both DL & UL based on network signaling
HARQ with soft combining
8TTI retransmission time
Multiple antenna support (Depends on Transmission mode)
Spatial Multiplexing, Beam-forming, Antenna Diversity
DL: Single-User MIMO up to 4x4 supportable
UL: 1x2 MU-MIMO, 2x2 SU-MIMO
MBSFN (Multicast/Broadcast over a Single Frequency Network)
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Peak Rate
[Mbps]
DL 2x2 (64QAM)
150
DL 4x4 (64QAM)
300
UL No MIMO
75
Simulation Cases
3GPP RAN1 official summary (07.04)
Inter-Site Distance : 500m
317
UL
241
10MHz BW
DL Mean User
Tput [Mbps]
DL Edge User
Tput [Kbps]
10MHz BW
UL Mean User
Tput [Mbps]
UL Edge User
Tput [Kbps]
2x2 SU-MIMO
17
500
1x2 SIMO
7.3
240
4x2 SU-MIMO
19
600
1x4 SIMO
11
520
4x4 SU-MIMO
27
800
2x2 SU-MIMO
7.8
100
16
DL
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SAE or EPC
external packet IP
networks and performs a
number of CN related
functions (e.g. QoS,
security, mobility and
terminal context
management) for idle
and active terminals
eUTRAN performs all
radio interface related
functions
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eNB
Mobility
Management
Entity
Policy &
Charging Rule
Function
S6a
X2
S1
ME
-M
MME
S10
S7
Rx+
PCRF
S11
S5/S8
S1-U
LTE-Uu
LTE-UE
Evolved Node B
(eNB)
Serving
Gateway
SGi
PDN
Gateway
SAE
Gateway
NOTE: Interface names are from draft specification and may not be the final interface names.
For internal use only
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PDN
S1
eNB
eNB
eNB
eNB
Evolved UTRAN (LTE)
For internal use only
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eNB
eNB
eNB
eNB
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X2
eNB
eNB
<Advantages>
Minimises single points of
failure above eNBs
All radio-related issues are
handled in the RAN
Allows RAN Sharing
User
User PDUs
PDUs
.. User
User PDUs
PDUs
<LTE-Uu interface>
PDCP
RLC
TS 36.300
MAC
LTE-L1 (FDD/TDD-OFDMA/SC-FDMA)
(FDD/TDD-OFDMA/SC-FDMA)
eNB
LTE-Uu Interface
X2-CP
(Control Plane)
TS 36.423
TS 36.422
TS 36.421
X2-UP
(User Plane)
GTP-U
SCTP
UDP
IP
IP
L1/L2
L1/L2
X2-Interface
TS 36.424
TS 36.421
TS 36.420
[currently also in TS 36.300 20]
eNB
For internal use only
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UL
FDD and TDD duplex methods
Scalable bandwidth 1.4MHz to currently
20 MHz
<X2 interface>
User
User PDUs
PDUs
X2-AP
UTRAN(WCDMA,HSPA) RRC:
For internal use only
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25331-8d0
S1-MME
(Control Plane)
NAS
NAS Protocols
Protocols
TS 36.413
S1-AP
TS 36.412
SCTP
MME
IP
eNB
L1/L2
TS 36.411
S1-U
(User Plane)
User
User PDUs
PDUs
GTP-U
TS 36.414
UDP
IP
TS 36.411
L1/L2
TS 36.410
[currently in TS 36.300 19]
Serving
Gateway
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1.4 [Mhz]
3[Mhz]
5[Mhz]
10[Mhz]
15[Mhz]
20[Mhz]
Number of RB
15
25
50
75
100
#Subcarriers
(NRBDL x NSCRB)
6x12=72
15x12=180
25x12=300
50x12=600
75x12=900
100x12=1200
DL Transmission
bandwidth
configuration
(NRBDL x 180khz)
6x180=1.080M
hz
15x180=2.
7Mhz
25x180=4.5
Mhz
50x180=9.0Mhz
75x180=13.5
Mhz
100x180=18Mhz
The number of SC-FDMA symbols in a slot depends on the cyclic prefix length
configured by higher layers and is given in table below
Configuration
Normal cyclic prefix
12
12
31
UL
N symb
N scRB
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OFDMA is an excellent choice of multiplexing scheme for the 3GPP E-UTRAN downlink
Although it involves added complexity in terms of resource scheduling, it is vastly superior to
packet-oriented approaches in terms of efficiency and latency
In OFDMA, users are allocated a specific number of sub-carriers for a predetermined
amount of time
Allocation of PRBs is handled by a scheduling function at the 3GPP base station (eNodeB)
The generic frame structure is used with FDD
These are referred to as physical resource blocks (PRBs) in the E-UTRAN specifications
PRBs thus have both a time and frequency dimension
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Each sub-frame is further divided into two slots, each of 0.5 ms duration
Slots consist of either 6 or 7 ODFM symbols, depending on whether the normal or extended cyclic prefix is
employed
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The OFDM symbols in a slot are transmitted in increasing order of l , starting with l=0 ,
where OFDM symbol l>0 starts at time
N
l 1
l ' 0
N Ts
33
CP ,l '
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2 UE 2
3 UE 3
common info
(may be addressed via
Higher Layers)
Orthogonal Frequency
Multiple Access
OFDMA
time
...
subcarrier
2 ...
2 2 ...
1 1
1
.
.
.
1
1
.
.
.
1
1
.
.
.
1
3 ...
3 ...
3 ...
2 ...
. .
. .
. .
...
...
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Subcarrier 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
180
KHz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
B
R
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Subcarrier 12
1 slot
1 ms subframe
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 slot
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Resource
Element
User 1
User 2
User 3
tim
e
User ..
1 TTI
= 1ms
SC-FDMA: PRBs are grouped to bring down Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
-> better power efficiency at the terminal
For internal use only
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OFDMA vs SC-FDMA
OFDMA: each sub-carrier only carries information related to one specific symbol
SC-FDMA : each sub-carrier contains information of ALL transmitted symbols
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The multiple access scheme for the LTE physical layer is based on Orthogonal
frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic-prefix (CP) in the
downlink and on Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
(SC-FDMA) with a cyclic prefix in the uplink to support transmission
in paired and unpaired spectrum
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DL Physical Channel
A downlink physical channel corresponds to a set of resource
elements carrying information originating from higher layers and is
the interface defined between 36.212 and 36.211
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Physical
channel
Modulati
on
PDSCH
QPSK,
16QAM,
64QAM
PMCH
QPSK,
16QAM,
64QAM
PBCH
QPSK
PDCCH
(PCFICH,
PHICH)
QPSK
PUSCH
QPSK,
16QAM,
64QAM
PUCCH
BPSK
and/or
QPSK
DL Physical Channel
Physical Layer DL
A downlink signal corresponds to a set of resource elements used by the physical layer.
But, it does not carry information originating from higher layer
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DL Physical Signal
DL Reference Signals
Cell-Specific RS
- Downlink channel quality measurement
- Downlink channel estimation
- Cell search and initial acquisition
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DL Physical Signal
Synchronization Signals
Similar to WCDMA
PSS
20 -MHz bandwidth
SCH
10 -MHz bandwidth
SSS
5 -MHz bandwidth
2. 5 -MHz bandwidth
1.4-MHz
- bandwidth
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UL Physical Signal
An uplink physical channel corresponds to a set of resource elements carrying information
originating from higher layer
Physical Modulati
The following uplink physical channels are defined:
channel
on
Physical Uplink Shared Channel, PUSCH
PDSCH
QPSK,
-> This is intended for the user data
16QAM,
-> UCI (Uplink Control Information)
64QAM
Channel Quality Indication (CQI), Precoding Matrix Indicator
PMCH
QPSK,
(PMI) and Rank Indication (RI)
16QAM,
ACK/NACK is multiplexed with PUSCH by puncturing the data
64QAM
Physical Uplink Control Channel, PUCCH
-> Carries H-ARQ Ack/Nack indications, uplink scheduling request
PBCH
QPSK
(SR), CQIs and PMI
PDCCH
QPSK
-> If control data is sent when traffic data is being transmitted,
(PCFICH,
PHICH)
UE multiplexes both streams together into PUSCH
-> If there is only control data to be sent the UE uses Resources
PUSCH
QPSK,
16QAM,
Element at the edges of the channel with higher power
64QAM
Physical Random Access Channel, PRACH
-> For Random Access attempts. PDCCH indicates the Resource
PUCCH
BPSK
elements for PRACH use.
and/or
QPSK
-> PBCH contains a list of allowed preambles (max. 64 per cell in
Type 1 frame) and the required length of the preamble
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UL Physical Signal
An uplink physical signal is used by the physical layer but does not carry information
originating from higher layers
The following uplink physical signals are defined:
Reference signals (RS)
Demodulation RS (DM RS)
Sounding RS (SRS)
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UL
RLC
DCCH
DTCH
CCCH
MTCH
MCCH
DTCH
DCCH
CCCH
PCCH
BCCH
Logical channels
MAC
UL-SCH
RACH
MCH
DL-SCH
PCH
BCH
Transport channels
PHY
PUSCH
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PUCCH
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PRACH
PMCH
PDCCH
PCFICH
PHICH
PDSCH
PBCH
Air interface
Uplink Power-Control
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The purpose of CSI feedback is to provide the eNodeB information about DL channel
state to help in the scheduling decision.
Compared to the WCDMA/HSPA, the main new feature in the channel feedback is the
frequency selectivity of the report
The corresponding procedure for providing information about the UL channel state is called
Channel Sounding and it is done using the Sounding Reference Symbols, SRS
(not considered in this presentation)
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Resource: 3GPP-Spec.
Periodic reporting
Aperiodic reporting
When to Send
Where to send
Normally on PUCCH,PUSCH
used when multiplexed with data
*(NTT-Docomo:Use only PUCCH)
Always on PUSCH
4 ~ 11bits
Up to 64bits
Channel Coding
CRC protection
No
Rank Indicator
Frequency selectivity
of the CQI
Frequency selectivity
of the PMI
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If the eNodeB wishes to receive periodic reporting of the CQI, the UE will transmit the
reports using the PUCCH.
PUCCH
{Only wideband and UE-selected sub-band feedback is possible for
periodic CQI reporting depends on reporting mode.}
For the wideband periodic CQI reporting, the period can be configured
to {2, 5, 10, 16, 20, 32, 40, 64, 80, 160} ms or Off for FDD
While the wideband feedback mode is similar to that sent via the PUSCH,
the UE-selected sub-band CQI using PUCCH is different.
In this case, the total number of sub-bands N is divided into J fractions called
bandwidth parts.
The value of J depends on the system bandwidth as summarized .
In case of periodic UE-selected sub-band CQI reporting, one CQI value is computed
and reported for a single selected sub-band from each bandwidth part,
along with the corresponding sub-band index.
For internal use only
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The CQI value for the M selected sub-bands for each codeword is encoded differentially
using 2-bits relative to its respective wideband CQI as defined by Differential CQI =
Index for average of M preferred sub-bandsWideband CQI index Possible differential CQI
values are { +1, +2, +3,+4}.
For internal use only
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Aperiodic
Periodic
Best-M Average
Single CQI
Wideband
Frequency selective
(UE-selected
(Wideband
sub-band
feedback)
feedback)
No PMI
Single PMI
No PMI
Single PMI
Mode 1-0
Mode 1-1
Mode 2-0
Mode 2-1
4 bits
11 bits
6 bits
11 bits
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(Higher layer-configured
sub-band
feedback)
Multi PMI
No PMI
Multi-PMI
No PMI
Single PMI
1-2
Mode 2-0
Mode 2-2
Mode 3-0
Mode 3-1
60 bits
24 bits
38 bits
30 bits
64 bits
Full Feedback
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Handover Procedure
Before handover
Handover
preparation
Radio handover
Late path
switching
S-GW + P-GW
S-GW + P-GW
S-GW + P-GW
S-GW + P-GW
MME
MME
Target
eNB
Source
eNB
= Data in radio
= Signalling in radio
= GTP tunnel
= GTP signalling
For internal use only
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MME
X2
= S1 signalling
= X2 signalling
MME
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HO Triggers in LTE:
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a3offset
Serving Cell RSRP
time
a3TimeToTrigger
a3Report Interval
Measurement
Report
Measurement
Report
eNB
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RSRP
time
a5TimeToTrigger
a5Report Interval
Measurement
Report
Measurement
Report
eNB
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EMM registered
PDP context
EPS bearer
Mobility management
Location area
Routing area
Tracking area
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EMM
deregistered
For internal use only
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Attach
Detach
EMM
registered
S1 connection
MME
UE
RRC idle
E-UTRAN
RRC connection
establishment
RRC connection
release
RRC
connected
S1 connection establishment
ECM idle
For internal use only
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MME
S1 connection release
ECM
connected
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Registration (Attach)
EMM_Registered
EMM_Registered
ECM_Connected
ECM_Idle
New Traffic
Deregistration (Detach)
Change PLMN
Timeout of Periodic TA
Update
For internal use only
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Release S-TMSI
Release IP addresses
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EMM_Registered
EMM_Registered
ECM_Connected
ECM_Idle
Network Context:
all info for ongoing
transmission/reception
Allocated IDs:
IMSI, S-TMSI per TAI
1 or several IP
addresses
C-RNTI
UE Position:
known on cell level
Network Context:
security keys
enable fast transition to
ECM_CONNECTED
Allocated IDs:
IMSI, S-TMSI per TAI
1or several IP
addresses
UE Position:
known on TA level (TA
list)
Mobility:
NW controlled
handover
Mobility:
cell reselection
UE Radio Activity:
DL w/o DRX
UL w/o DTX
UE Radio Activity:
DL DRX for paging
no UL
MME
Tracking area 1
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Tracking area 2
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eNodeB Measurements
DL Reference Signal Transmitted Power
Average of power levels (in [W]) across all Reference Signal symbols within the
considered measurement frequency bandwidth
Reference point for the DL RS TX power measurement: TX antenna connector
The DL RS TX power signaled to the UE is not measured, it is just an eNB internal
setting
Received Interference Power:
Received interference power, including thermal noise, within one PRBs bandwidth
Thermal noise power: No x W
Thermal noise power within the UL system bandwidth
(consisting of variable # of resource blocks)
No: white noise power spectral density on the uplink carrier frequency and
W: denotes the UL system bandwidth.
Optionally reported with the Received Interference Power
Reference point: RX antenna connector
In case of receiver diversity, the reported value is the average of the power in the
diversity branches
For internal use only
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LTE - Abbrevation
ACP
AMC
ANR
ARQ
BLER
BSR
CDM
CQI
ECGI
EMM
EPC
EPS
FMT
FTP
CGI
HARQ
HO
ICIC
KPI
LNA
MCS
MIMO
MME
MTC
MOC
NCL
NCs
NGMN
NRT
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LTE - Abbrevation
OAM
OCNS
OFDMA
OLQC
PCI
PDCP
PHR
PM
PRB
P-SCH
PSD
QoS
RAB
RAC
RACH
RBG
RE
REG
RI
RLC
RSRP
RSRQ
RSSI
S1
SC-FDMA
SCTP
SINR
SON
SR
S-SCH
For internal use only
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