Steel Construction

3 components
1) Advanced Planning
Divisioning dividing structure into units used
to schedule fabrication and delivery
Determined by order in which structure is erected
Joint effort between fabricator and erection
manager

Must check size and weight of members

against plant capacity, transportation size, wt
limits, erection equipment capacity

3 components
2) Fabrication
Shop drawings, steel type, built up or rolled
section, connection method, camber

3) Delivery

Field Operations
Receiving and unloading
Sorting shake out id members with code
By size or by placement on structure
Want all material for a unit in one place

Inspecting
Welds, rust, warped or torqued

Storing store off ground, protect from dirt, grease,

corrosion
Large members stored on truck until erection
Need a large enough storage area
Yarding storing in a temp area and then moving to erection
area

Erecting

Field Operations
Must be careful unloading steel
Can damage surface coating, bend or torque
members
Use double slings to avoid bending members
Must inspect for damage and conformance to
shop drawings and tolerances
T14-1

Structural Steel
Types of Steel
A36 carbon structural steel most common
A572 High Strength Low Alloy Structural
Steel
A 588 Corrosion resistant High Strength
Low Alloy Structural Steel
Weathering steel develops protective
coating no painting required

Structural Steel
Camber and sweep
Camber looks like frown allows for beam to
return to level position once load is applied
Sweep curve in beam

Structural Steel
Standard Rolled Shapes
F 14-2, T 14-2

Built up members
F14-3
Used when common rolled shape is not available
Open web joists and joist girders, F14-5&6
Light weight, strong
Used extensively on roofs and floors

Castellated beams F14-7

Erection
Usual process uses three crews
Raising crew lifts member into position and temp
bolts it into position (safely)
OSHA regs structural integrity ability of structure
to safely stand during erection
Safety regs - erection floor cannot be more than 8 floors
above highest completed permanent floor, Not more than 4
floors of unfinished connections above highest permanently
secured floor

Fitting crew brings member into proper alignment

and tightens enough bolts to hold it in place
Fastening crew final connections

Lifting Equipment
Cranes, tower cranes
Small jobs may see F 14-9 ( old stuff)

Alignment of Steel
Within tolerances of AISC Code of
Standard of Practice
Vertical or plumb error +/- 1 unit in 500 units of
height
Outside columns cannot be more than 1 towards
or 2 away from building line in 20 stories
Minimum clearance between members
Coping or blocking notching beams to provide
clearance when connecting beams to columns
Electrical and plumbing notches need to be
designed

Alignment of Steel
Guys
Cables used to align members
Do not overstress

Erection of Steel Joists

Require lateral bracing
Cannot release joist from crane until braced

Field Connections
Fastening systems
Bolting
Two types of bolt systems
Interference-body or interference-fit bolts
Oversized bolt driven into hole holds bolt in place
while tightened
Tension Control or tension set bolts
Bolt stem breaks when specified torque hit
In both cases need to make sure that bolts are tightened
to specified torque
F14-11, 14-12

Riveting not used much today

Field Connections
Fastening systems
Welding
All welders should be certified by American
Welding Society
F 14-14 standard welding symbols
Welds must be tested & inspected for quality

Visual quickest must be highly trained

Destructive used when questionable quality
radiographic, ultrasonic provide image of weld
magnetic particle, liquid penetrant inspection - show
flaws

Safety
Hard hats, gloves
Eye protection for welders, cutters, chipping ops
Harnesses if off ground level

And scaffolding
Over 25 safety nets
Tag lines on all hoisted beams to handle swing
Surfaces of beams must be dry and suitable for
walking