Gender Inclusive

Planning: Towards creating Safer

Communities

Maitreyi Yellapragada
12AR60R21

Contents
Introduction
Need for Study
Aims and Objectives
Methodology
Literature Review
Inclusive Planning
Status of women around the world and India
The Changing Trend
Pressing Issues concerning women
Importance of safety and mobility for an urban woman
Gender Inclusion Approach Process
Case Studies
Women-friendly cities Project; Seoul Metropolitan Area
Urban Design Guideline proposed by UrbSpace and European
Regional Development Fund
Jagori Safe Delhi Campaign
Transit-Oriented Safety
Inferences on Shared Responsibilities
Conclusions

Series of Rape CasesDhaula kuan

Delhi Police reveal that a

woman
is
raped every 18 hours,
or
molested every 14
hours
in the Capital. ( 2010
data)

Source: (Prawesh Lama & Bhuvan Bagga,INDIA TODAY

January 7, 2011).

Deserted Unwatched Places and

1. Flyovers e.g. RTR, Airport flyover at ORR,
Flyovers space can be used to provide night
Solutions
Dhaula Kuan
shelters to the homeless.
TRANSFORMATION : OPTION 01

Deserted Unwatched Places and

1. Flyovers e.g. RTR, Airport flyover at ORR,
Flyovers space can be used to provide night
Solutions
Dhaula Kuan
shelters to the homeless.

Percentage of ever married women who agree with specific reasons for justifying a husband
beating his wife by states, India
Wife shows disrespect for

Wife goes out without

telling

in-laws

husba
nd

Andhra Pradesh

Arunachal
Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Goa
Gujara
t
Harya
na

Natal family does not give

Wife neglects house or

Himachal
Pradesh

money

children

Jammu
Karnata
ka
Kerala
Madhya
Pradesh
Maharasht
ra

Husband Suspects wife

is unfaithful Andhra

Manipur

Wife does not cook food

Meghalay
a

properly

Mizoram
Nagaland
New Delhi
Odisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim

Introduction
Living environments reflect our culture, values, lifestyle and relationships and define the
relation between us and various urban functions.
They belong to the women and men who live in them and play an increasingly important part
in organizing and providing services to them especially in the context of urbanization.
After their long association with only domestic activities, women have gradually moved into
the public arena.

W O

Experts in day-to-day living

Little political
involvement or
participation in
decision-making.

Little
say
in
the
planning of municipal
services, installations
and design
The lack of access to services and
resources also creates an obstacle to
equal sharing in household and family
tasks.

Poorly
served
as
citizens
Inadequate day-care
services, rigid
operating hours of
municipal services,
poorly adapted public
transportation, unsafe
public places,

The urban setting must adapt to this cultural and social change, and cities must
now deal with the changing status of women.

Need for Study

Urban planning covers a wide spectrum of concerns including employment, housing, open
space, transport and environment etc.
Gender concerns all aspects of Planning
Case of better employment opportunities for women in the urban areas than rural. But, the
Urban labor market is biased on gender lines. Thus, the pro-urban planning policies provide
scope for improvement of the same.
Source: Statistics on Women of India, 2007:
National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development

It is stated by many planners and sociologists that women experience city life differently
from men.
Unlike other built environment occupations, the planning profession has traditionally been
gender
blind.
The general idea that, Whatever is good for men is automatically good for women is
inappropriate as gender neutrality is misleading.
It overlooks specific needs of men and women and prevents from detecting and rectifying
existing inequalities.
Gender inequality
holds back the growth
of individuals,
the development of nations and the
Gender-sensitive
urban planning
is needed.
evolution of societies.
Gender issues are not womens issues but understanding opportunities,
constraints and the impact of change as they affect both men and women.
Source: Addressing Gender Concern in Indias Urban Renewal Mission, a paper published by UNDP.
http://www.swayam.info

Aims and Objectives

AIM
To highlight the issues concerning urban planning due to gender exclusion.
To emphasise on the major issues of safety, security and mobility of women
and delineate the scope for equitable participation in urban life through
gender inclusivity.

METHODOLOGY
To interpret and conceive the concept of inclusive planning with
respect to gender.
To understand the transformation of womens role and their
changing contributions to the society
To Highlight the pressing women issues and the gender based
needs and requirements in context to the changing trends
To study gender inclusivity policies at various locations and the
process followed by which various institutions as they address
the issues of safety and mobility.
To draw conclusions with respect to the responsibilities to be
carried out by various stakeholders and beneficiaries

Inclusive Planning

Conceptualization

Between 1973 and 1980, the average sale price of a single-family house in Los Angeles rose from $40,700
to $115,000, or by 183%.
Provision of affordable
unaffordable
homes for poor

High housing
prices

Adoption of
Rent controls

Inclusionary
Zoning

Affordable housing- Income

integrated communities

Political
Pressure

Inclusionary zoning (IZ) is a set of controls and incentives designed to encourage the
production of affordable housing.
Social integration also requires policies to be inclusive and promotes attending to the needs
of all. Social, political and economic inclusion is increasingly being recognized as the key
strategies against social exclusion.
A gender- and socially-inclusive city promotes equitable rights and
provides opportunities and support for all residents to participate in
urban life.
Sources:
THE IRONY OF "INCLUSIONARY ZONING ROBERT C. ELLICKSON
World Urban Campaign: An Inclusive City - http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.asp?catid=691

Women
Women across the world Account for
60% of the
working force

Comprise only 30% of the

official labour force

Receive only 10% of

Own less than 1% of
the worlds economy the worlds real estate

60 % of the 130 million children in the age group of 6-11

years who do not go to school are girls. 67% of the worlds
875 million illiterate adults are women

70% of the 1.2 billion

people
living in poverty

Little access to productive resources and negligible control over the family income
The gender bias and discrimination is a part of the global scenario

Status of Women in India

940 females per 1000 males in 2011 Female literacy:47.8%

Non-agricultural wage
employment is only 17%

13.9% in the urban sector and Occupy only 9% of Less than 3% women
29.9% in the rural sector
Parliamentary seats managers and admin.
Source: www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/bangkok/library/download/pub96-01/chapter2
UN statistics
http://www.undp.org.in/webbook/Enlrg-spc-wmn-india.htm
Human Development Report, 2003
Women in India- How free? How equal? Kalyani Menon Sen, A.K. Shiva Kumar

Women in India: A historical overview

Vedic Age Women enjoyed an equal status . The position of women gradually weakened.
Post-Vedic: Seclusion of women for reasons of security and respectability. Women had no
property rights and were reduced to landless labourers. Female infanticide, and other
practices which became commonplace during Mughal period, persisted later on.
The Colonial period had the effect of generating self awareness, and made the presence of
women felt in the freedom struggle.
Thousands of women came forward and participated in the freedom struggle at the call of
Mahatma Gandhi who spurred the movement for women emancipation.
Twentieth century saw the emergence of Mahila Samitis and other organisations for the
upliftment of women. They educated the society about the ill effects of the purdah system,
child marriage, and ill-treatment of widows.
They campaigned for equal rights for women in franchise and education.
As a consequence of their efforts, and womens indirect participation in the world war, the
The Indian Reforms Act of 1921 enfranchised a small section of the Indian Population for
the first time and women were also included. (Devi 1982).

Sources: www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/bangkok/library/download/pub96-01/chapter2.pdf
Sreenivas Murthy, H. V. The position of women in Ancient India.

Post Independence
The Constitution of India - Provisions Relating to Women
Grants equality to women
Empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women for
removing the cumulative socio-economic, educational and political disadvantages faced
by them over the ages.
Advancement of Women through Five Year Plans
First Five Year Plan (1951-56)
Welfare oriented concerning womens issues.
The programmes for women were implemented through the National Extension Service
Programmes through Community Development Blocks.
Second Five Year (1956-61)
Efforts were geared to organise Mahila Mandals (womens Plan groups) at grass-roots
levels to ensure better implementation of welfare schemes.
Third, Fourth, Fifth Year Plans (1961-74)
High priority to womens education. Measures to and other Interim improve maternal and
child health services, and supplementary
Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85)
The Plan adopted a multidisciplinary approach with a three-pronged
thrust on health, education and employment of women.
Source: Statistics on Women in India 2007
India, Planning Commission. (2007). Five Year Plans. New Delhi.

Post Independence
Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90)

Changing Perspectives

Development programmes with objective of raising economic and social status and bring
them into the mainstream of national development. Promotion of beneficiary-oriented
programmes which extended direct benefits to women.
Eighth Five Year (1992-97)
Enabled to function as equal partners and participants in the developmental process with
reservation in the membership of local bodies.
Marks a definite shift from development to empowerment of women.
Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002)
Envisaged: a) Empowerment of women and socially disadvantaged as agents of socioeconomic change and development. b) Promoting and developing peoples participatory
institutions like Panchayati Raj institutions, cooperatives and self-help groups. c)
Strengthening efforts to build self-reliance. d) A womens component plan at the Central
and State levels.
Tenth Five Year (2002-2007)
Ensure requisite access of women to information, resources and services, and advance
gender equality goals.
Eleventh Five Year (2007-2012)
Special measures for gender empowerment and equity. The Ministry of
Women and Child Development would make synergistic use of gender
budget and gender mainstreaming process.
Source: Statistics on Women in India 2007; India, Planning Commission. (2007). Five Year Plans. New Delhi.

The changing trend

The number of educated Indian women pursuing professional careers still very small .
62% of women in the country who are illiterate and the low 42% female participation in the
workforce. Only 18% of women are part of the organized labor sector, and only 20% of these
are employed in urban areas.
Women workers in the new IT-related occupations are only 0.3% of urban women workers.
Despite their small numbers in the overall picture, the Indian women professionals of today
are seen as the trend-setters of the future.

Source: Delloite: Women in India

Out of the 134 countries surveyed

in the World Economic Forums
Global Gender Gap Report 2009,
India ranks 114th on the overall
index, 134th on female health and
survival, 124th on educational
attainment, and 127th on economic
participation and opportunity
although, paradoxically, it ranks
24th on political empowerment.

Pressing Issues

As the opportunities in cities improve, it is observed that more women are migrating to the
urban areas in search of work and a better quality of life.
It is observed that women tend to choose the cities depending on the idea of how safe is
the city for its women. Therefore, a intangible safety index that determines the movement
of women in search of opportunities.
The urban areas cannot afford to be tagged as unsafe as it negative implications on
development of the economy and the social structure.
Worsening economy forcing women to move to the cities for work and live in dangerous
localities.
Urban security because women in cities are increasingly vulnerable to gender-based
violence
Women and Poverty
Education and Training of Women
The attitudes towards women in the society
Non-flexible working hours and discriminatory working condition
Sexual harassment and a safety-oriented workplace design.
Fear of Transit
Sources: Zonta International, Safe Cities for Women Project in Guatemala City and San Salvador
www.nipccd.nic.in/reports
Making Space for Women in Cities by Councillor Ellen Woodsworth, canada

Gender Inclusive Planning

anning pertaining to the various aspects of

Gender-sensitive urban governance
Access to municipal services
Womens rights to land and property
Livelihoods and employment
Safety and security
Policies and legal or regulatory reforms

Sources: www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/HDQ804.pdf
World Urban Campaign: An Inclusive City http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.asp?catid=691

Safety of Women

Insecurity and the threat of violence prevent

women from participating as full and equal
citizens in community life. Women have a right
to the city. When this right is not realized,
women and girls face significant obstacles to
educational, economic, and political opportunities.

The Growth of many cities, particularly in

developing societies, has been unplanned and
haphazard.
Increasing population size has led to problems in
provision of adequate housing, transport,
sanitation and provision of basic services to all
citizens.

Sources www.jagori.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/01/Building-Safe-Inclusive-Cities-for-Women_APracticalGuide_2011

Gender issues in planning are

regeneration and social inclusion.

central

to

success

in

economic

Landuse planning provides the spatial setting for government policy, shaping the way our
towns and cities are designed. However, planning policy tends to ignore the fact that
women and men use public space very differently and have different concerns about how it
meets their needs.
Three levels of gender integration:
Consider things in a gender way, that means:
Make gender differentiated statistics,
a. Gender blindness gender is not considered,
analysing utilization of sites or locations
b. Gender neutrality gender is considered and
equal opportunities are secured,
Assessment for the using of areas and sites
c. Gender planning gender is considered and
Rules of decisions
equity impacts are secured.
Rules of participation
Responsibilities in planning process
Benefit from a urban design with regards to gender
A city safety for women is safe for all other weak categories: elder, children, disables
MAKE THE CITY A PLACE FOR EVERYONE

Case Studies

Women Friendly Cities,

Seoul Metropolitan Govt. 2009

The existing policies in Korea had little consideration of a womans perspective

and experiences pertaining to roads, transportation, and cultural aspects.

Led to inception of Women-friendly City Project

Aim to improve the city spaces by reflecting womens perspectives in all city
policies thereby improving their day to day urban life.
- Resolving the factors that cause inconvenience, discomfort and uneasiness in their daily
lives.
- Enhancing womens rights and helping women achieve their potential.
Expanding the scope of
Improving
the
Addressing the inequality
Women related policies
laws
in their daily lives
and the institution

Redesigning a City from a Womens perspective

Participation of all
Divisions in project

Economy

Womensystem

Welfare

Women Friedly Seoul Project Report

friendly

Culture

city

project

Environment

Female
citizen
participation

Citizens

Women Friendly Cities,

Seoul Metropolitan Govt. 2009

Practices for Gender Mainstreaming ( By local Govt)

Understanding the views of women and men

Women and Family

Policy Affairs

Ways to help career-interrupted women regain

employment. Provision of affordable yet high quality
daycare facilities.

Green Seoul Bureau

Building parks with women-friendly amenities. How to

create parks that are safe for a woman to walk by herself
?
Are there parking lots where women can safely and
easily park their cars? Are there measures to help
women use public transit and para transit services safely
at night ?
Are subway facilities stroller friendly ?
Reliability and safety ?

City Transportation

Seoul Metro

Protection

Create Crime free living spaces and environs.

Process involved participation of female citizens from policy making to

implementation. 244 experts and professors were consulted during
policy making. 200 women (workers and housewives) were involved in
on-site monitoring. Policy consultations and on-site monitoring by 3250
people in 25 autonomous districts.
Women Friedly Seoul Project Report

Women Friendly Cities,

Seoul Metropolitan Govt.

90 Sub- Projects
came up in 5
areas.
Women-Friendly Parking Lots

Convenient
Seoul

Safe Seoul

Caring Work-ConduciveProsperous
Seoul
Seoul
Seoul

56,000 parking lots that give first priority to female

drivers (7.9% of around 7,00,000 slots in 13,00 parking
lots. And installation of CCTVs and emergency bells in
underground parking lots along with improving lighting.

Women-Friendly Roads

Improving quality of roads, Installing more CCTVs and

increasing lighting to 30 lux, Creating rest spots separate
from pedestrians,

Women-Friendly Parks

Well lit pedestrian roads, toilets and parking lots

Women-Friendly Built Environment

CPTED adopted in housing and redevelopment projects
Crime prevention systems, such as windowed (transparent) elevators, in
consideration for safety. Building childcare facilities along with female
bathroom facilities. Subway ticket gates modified for stroller use.
Women Friedly Seoul Project Report

GREEN SPACES

Urban Design Guidelines for Safer Open Spaces

Sources:

Jagori, Delhi based NGO Safe Delhi Campaign

Undertook a study on womens safety, and initiated theSafe Delhi Campaignthat

focused on strategies to create safer environments for women, and explored ways to get
different groups of people in the city involved.

Problems and Perceptions

- Most women felt unsafe going into public
spaces alone or after dark unless they were in
groups or accompanied by men. Women felt
safer in well-lit places.
- Public transport, especially buses, are seen as
unsafe and are cited by the majority of women
as the commonest site for harassment.
- Women felt safer in crowded places than in
isolated places. Bus stops are seen as safer since
they are seldom deserted.
- Male dominated spaces such as cigarette and
paan shops, street corners are felt to be unsafe
and are avoided by women, especially after dark.
- Women prefer using subways which have
vendors and shops.
- Women normally feel safe in using parks in
early evenings or around dusk, but not after
nightfall. Parks become almost exclusively male
spaces after dark.
Sources:
jagori.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/IS-THIS-OUR-CITY

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Findings of Safety
Audit

Safety audits were conducted across different spots in the city which were then used to identify factors
that cause fear as well as a feeling of safety among women. These findings were then to be used for
advocacy and encourage states to include real life inputs and experiences from women in the urban
planning process.

Lighting in Public Spaces

Isolated Bus stops
Dark Roads and Unlit streets
Parks and Green areas
Car Parks
Debris Dumps, Partially
Demolished Buildings and dark alleys.
Usable Public Toilets.
Male dominated spaces.
Security guards and police patrolling
Market areas

Safe Delhi Campaign Safety Audit Maps

Group of women
including more
than 1 resident

Identify area
and observe
infrastructure

Connaught Place
Sources:
jagori.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/IS-THIS-OUR-CITY

Observe
Gendered
use of space

Discuss with
the users of
the space

2
Audit Notes &
Discuss with
Local Govt.

Safe Delhi Campaign Safety Audit Maps

Kalyanpuri and Mayur Vihar area

Sources:
jagori.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/IS-THIS-OUR-CITY

Safety Audits
The concept of Women's Safety Audits was developed in Toronto, Canada by the Metro
Action Committee on Public Violence Against Women and Children (METRAC), and
experimented worldwide.
UN-HABITAT adapted and experimented this tool within the Safer Cities Programme.
A Women's Safety Audit is the best
available tool for collecting information on
public perceptions of the urban safety in
relation to the urban design.
Without proper knowledge of these public
perceptions and experiences, social and
physical planners can not theorize why
crime
happens,
politicians
can
not
formulate,
prioritize
and
implement
strategic policies and professionals can not
combat (fear of) crime itself. It helps to
create a more comfortable environment for
women, children, elderly, and people with
disabilities - for everyone. (METRAC, 1998)

Characteristics of space that are Safe

Characteristics of space that induce fear

Mobility and Transit

Transportation systems are the key to urban life, enabling women to access healthcare,
education, and employment opportunities.
For too long, women have been ignored in urban transport planning and design.
Research suggests that women are more likely to:
Walk or use less expensive transportation means
Use off-peak and peripheral public transport routes and
Feel unsafe and be at risk of violence while using urban public transport
Gender Inclusive urban transport include the need to:
-Examine the gendered impact of urban transport planning for example, a focus on
improving major transport corridors into a city centre is more likely to favour men,
whereas women benefit more from transport improvements within peripheral areas;
-Design urban transport infrastructure that reflects womens needs, including safety
-Integrate formal and informal public transport
- Develop strategies to encourage more women into the urban transport workforce

Source: (GTZ, 2007)

Examples of areas for policy reform identified in a recent ADB seminar (John, 2011)

Mobility and Transit

FEAR OF TRANSIT:

The design of transport systems is

a fundamental aspect of urban and
regional planning. Good public
transport systems can widen
womens
employment
opportunities.
Women are more likely to be
dependent on public transport,
particularly
in
low
income
communities
Making Space for Women in Cities by Councillor Ellen Woodsworth, Canada
Canadian Journal on Environmental, Construction and Civil Engineering Vol. 3, No. 4, May 2012

Important to consider women/ family movements during the day

The idea that a womans place is in the house has been responsible for
phrases or queries like What is a nice girl like you doing in a place like
this? This reflects greatly the prevailing attitude towards women in a
public space.
The no of employed women has increased and so has their participation
in active public life yet, spatial stereotypes and patterns of behaviour
remain.

Inferences

SHARING RESPONSIBILITIES

WOMEN
Speak out on
issues of violence
and insecurity

Support in the efforts to

attain gender equality
in decision-making
positions

Support women in
positions of power to remain
accountable and promote
equality.

MEN
Listen, accompany, and
support women in
their drive for
autonomy and
empowerment

Mobilize men and boys to

challenge traditional gender
roles in order to prevent
violence against women and
girls.

TO WOMEN'S GROUPS, GRASSROOTS AND COMMUNITY

ORGANIZATIONS
Work in partnership
Special efforts
with all the relevant
organizations, especially
municipalities

should be given to
outreach isolated
communities

TO CITIES
AND MUNICIPALITIES
Provide
Act for a local safety
policy, planning, and
practices which integrate a
gender approach, and which
support women's safety
initiatives.

greater
opportunitie
s for
women's
involvement

Create local to local

exchanges

Allocate municipal
funds to gender
equality, community
development and
poverty reduction
programs

SHARING RESPONSIBILITIES

TO POLICE SERVICES
Preventive rather
than a repressive
approach to violence
and insecurity

The provision of
adequate training on
the causes and impacts
of violence and
insecurity on women

Development of strategies to
promote women's safety
and empowerment. Increase
women power in police force

EDUCATION SECTOR

Integrate gender awareness, antiviolence, and human rights teaching into

the curriculum, and to challenge
stereotypes and attitudes on genderbased violence.

Mobilize children through

empowerment strategies,
including self-defense, aimed at
ensuring a safer city for all

THE MEDIA
Contribute to community
mobilization, and facilitate
access to services aimed
at ensuring women's
safety.

Challenge gender
stereotypes and
inequalities through
information and awareness
campaigns

RESEARCH COMMUNITY
Encourage
research on
women's safety
and the integration
of gender in crime
prevention

Provide research
assistance and support to
community-based project
implementation and
evaluation

Reduce
sensationalise
d reporting

SHARING RESPONSIBILITIES

TO PRIVATE SECTOR
Partner with local organizations
and municipalities, and
financially support initiatives
promoting women's safety.

Audit the impacts of all decisions on the

safety and security of women employees, clients,
and consumers, by working with unions, women's
groups and community organizations to include
these issues in workplaces

TO GOVERNMENTS
Develop policies and
programs to ensure
women's financial
autonomy, including
women's right to own
property.

Allocate necessary
resources for the
development of strategies
and initiatives on women's
safety and security

Politically and
financially support
local governments
in their efforts to
promote safety

INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS AND UN AGENCIES

Increase the
availability of
electronic exchange,
and of technical
assistance

International, regional,
national and local-to-local
exchanges and cooperation
for sustainable development

Support the evaluation of

progress made by regular
international or regional
conferences on women's
safety

Conclusions
Gender Inclusivity in planning cannot be achieved only through the participation and efforts
of women but is possible only through the active involvement of all men, womens groups,
the municipalities and the governments, international networks and UN agencies.
Emphasizing on the major issues of safety and security of women result in creation of
positive public spaces which promote and strengthen the level of interactions between
people.
Gender Inclusiveness promotes greater participation of all groups and segments of the
societies along with improved ease of access to public spaces.
It is the smaller aspects such as lighting, good transport facilities and urban design
techniques that have a significant role in shaping the society as a whole.
The role of NGOs and other organisations involved at the grassroot levels is critical to
understanding the issues that might not be considered at the top level management.

References
Together for Womens safety, Creating Safer Cities for marginalised women and everyone,
Authored by Women in Cities International.
Mapping The Womens Movement in India
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2722/13/13_chapter%204.pdf
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/bangkok/library/download/pub9601/chapter2.pdf
http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un-dpadm/unpan039701.pdf
Urban Design Factors that Influence Womens Choice of Route of Movement:
The Case of Nairobi Central Business District , by Brenda Maiba Bhoyyo
A City Tailored
Equality
2004 EDITION.

to Women, The Role of Municipal

Governments in Achieving

Gender

http://www.unchs.org/unchs/english/hagenda/ch-3d.htm
ActionAid, 2011, Women and the City: Examining the Gender Impact of Violence and
Urbanisation, ActionAid Interntional, London.
www. actionaidusa.org/what/womens_rights/women_and_the_city/
ADB, 2001, Country Briefing Paper: Women in Bangladesh, ADB, Manila
www.beta.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2001/women_ban.pdf

References
Beall, J., 1996, Urban Governance: Why Gender Matters, Gender in Development
Monograph Series No 1, UNDP, New York.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpuprojects/drivers_urb_change/urb_society/pdf_gender/UNDP_Beall_
gender_matters.pdf
The Sustainable Urban Reader, Edited by Stephen M Heeler and Timothy Beatley
Gender in Planning and Urban Development by Nqobile Malaza, Alison Todes and Amanda
Williamson of the School of Architecture and Planning, University of the Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg, South Africa, with Cliff Hague, Professor Emeritus, School of the Built
Environment, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK, and the Women in Planning (WiP)
Network of the Commonwealth Association of Planners (CAP).
Actinoid: 2011; Women and the City

"The best thermometer to the progress of a nation is its treatment of its

women".
- Swami Vivekananda

Thank You