6 - Konveksi Paksa Eksternal

KONVEKSI PAKSA
EKSTERNAL
PERPINDAHAN PANAS
Session 1
Session 2
PERPAN-TM FTUA - Iskandar R.
PENDAHULUAN
The local and average convection coefficients may be correlated by equations

of the form :
Nux f ( x * , Re x , Pr)
Nux f (Re x , Pr)
The problem of convection is one obtaining these functions approach :

a. The experimental, or empirical, approach involves performing heat
transfer measurements under controlled laboratory conditions and
correlating the data in term of appropriate dimensionless parameters.
The experimental data for heat transfer is often represented conveniently with
reasonable accuracy by a simple power-law relation of the form
b.
The theoretical approach involves solving boundary layer equations for

particular geometry.
PENDAHULUAN
The fluid temperature in the

thermal boundary layer
varies from Ts at the
surface to about T at the
outer edge of the boundary
the fluid properties also
vary with temperature.
In order to account for the

variation of the properties
with temperature the
fluid properties are usually
evaluated at the so-called
film temperature, defined
as :
ALIRAN PARALEL
PLAT DATAR
Depite its simplicity, parallel

flow over a flat plate occurs in
numerous engineering
applications.
Moreover, this geometry is

often a reasonable
approximation for flow over
slightly contoured surfaces,
such as airfoils or turbine
Aliran Laminar : A Similarity Solution

(ALIRAN PARALEL PLAT DATAR)
The major convection parameters may be obtained by solving the

appropriate form of the boundary layer equations.
Assuming steady, incompressible, laminar flow with constant fluid
properties and negligible viscous dissipation, and recognizing that
dp/dx = 0, the boundary layer equations reduce to :
PERPAN-TM FTUA - Iskandar R

The continuity and momentum equations were first solved in 1908 by the
German engineer H. Blasius, (a student of L. Prandtl).
This was done by transforming the two partial differential equations into a
single ordinary differential equation by introducing a new independent
variable, called the similarity variable (dimensionless) :
The velocitiy components are defined in terms of stream function (x,y),
f ( )u
x
u

Then the velocity components become
By differentiating these u and v relations, the derivatives of the velocity

components can be shown to be
Substituting these relations into the momentum equation and simplifying :

third-order nonlinear differential equation

The approriate boundary conditions are :
In terms of the similarity variables,
The transformed equation with its associated boundary conditions cannot be

solved analytically, and thus an alternative solution method is necessary.
The problem was first solved by Blasius in 1908 using a power series
expansion approach, and this original solution is known as the Blasius
solution.
The problem is later solved more accurately using different numerical

approaches Table.


10
A good approximation :
From table , the value of is 5.0.
Then the velocity boundary layer thickness becomes
The shear stress on the wall can be determined from its definition
Substituting the value of the second derivative :

11
From knowledge of conditions in the velocity boundary layer, the energy may
now be solved.
To solve equation dimensionless temperature :
The energy equation reduces to
The approriate boundary conditions are :
Then the thermal boundary layer thickness becomes


12
The average friction coefficient defined as
The integration :
Moreover, the average heat transfer coefficient for laminar flow is
Integrating and substituting :

Aliran Laminar (x = L)

13
Liquid metals such as mercury have high thermal conductivities, and

are commonly used in applications that require high heat transfer
rates very small Prandtl numbers (the thermal boundary layer
develops much faster than the velocity boundary layer).
Churchill and Ozoe proposed the following relation which is applicable

for all Prandtl numbers and is claimed to be accurate to 1%,
Aliran Turbulen
14
The local friction coefficient correlated to within 15% accuracy by expression

of the form :
The velocity boundary layer thickness may be expressed as
Using the local friction coefficient equation with the modified Reynolds, or
Chilton-Colburn, the local Nusselt number is
The local Sherwood number is

CONTOH
15
CONTOH
LAMINAR
16
CONTOH
17
Next Session
18
ALIRAN SILANG PADA
19
SILINDER
Flow across cylinders and spheres is frequently encountered in practice

example :
o the tubes in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger involve both internal flow
through the tubes and external flow over the tubes, and both flows must be
considered in the analysis of the heat exchanger.
o Also, many sports such as soccer, tennis, and golf involve flow over
spherical balls.
The characteristic length for a circular cylinder or sphere is taken to be the

external diameter D.
The Reynolds number is defined as
The critical Reynolds number for flow across a circular cylinder or sphere is
about Recr 2 x105 (laminar for about Re 2 x105 , turbulent for Re 2 x105).
ALIRAN SILANG PADA
20
SILINDER
ALIRAN SILANG PADA
21
SILINDER
The foregoing processes strongly influence the drag force, FD, acting
on cylinder.
This force has two components is due to

i.
the boundary layer surface shear stress (friction drag).
ii. A pressure differential in the flow direction resulting from formation
of wake (form, or pressure, drag).
A dimensionless drag coefficient CD may be defined as :
ALIRAN SILANG PADA
22
SILINDER
ALIRAN SILANG PADA
23
SILINDER
Convection Heat Transfer

(ALIRAN SILANG PADA SILINDER)
The emperical correlation (Hilpert) :

all properties are evaluated at Tf
24

25

Zukauskas :
all properties are evaluated at T, except Prs, which is evaluated at Ts
26

Churchill and Bernstein:

NuD =
For flow over a sphere, Whitaker recommends the following

comprehensive correlation:
The fluid properties in this case are evaluated at the free-stream temperature T,
27
except for s, which is evaluated at the surface temperature Ts.
CONTOH
28
CONTOH
29
CONTOH
30
ALIRAN MELINTASI
BERKAS PIPA
Cross-flow over tube banks is
commonly encountered in
practice in heat transfer
equipment example :
31
condensers and
evaporators of power
plants,
refrigerators, and air
conditioners
One fluid moves through the

tubes while the other
moves over the tubes in a
perpendicular direction.
ALIRAN MELINTASI
BERKAS PIPA
The tubes in a tube bank are usually arranged either in-line or staggered in the
direction of flow.
The arrangement of the tubes in the tube bank is characterized by the tube
diameter D, and by the transverse pitch ST, longitudinal pitch SL.
Tube arrangements in a bank

(a)Aligned
(b)Staggered
32
ALIRAN MELINTASI
33
BERKAS PIPA
Flow through the tubes can be analyzed by considering flow through a

single tube, and multiplying the results by the number of tubes this
is not the case for flow over the tubes (the tubes affect the flow pattern and
turbulence level downstream, and thus heat transfer to or from them).
Therefore, when analyzing heat transfer from a tube bank in cross flow,
we must consider all the tubes in the bundle at once.
For airflow across tube bundles composed of 10 or more rows (NL

10), Grimison has obtained a correlation of the form
Constants of Equation
for airflow over a tube bank of 10 or more rows
34
ALIRAN MELINTASI
BERKAS PIPA
Other case :
All properties appearing in the above equations are evaluated at the film temperature.
If NL < 10 :
Correction factor C2 for NL < 10
35
ALIRAN MELINTASI
BERKAS PIPA
For the aligned arrangement, Vmax occurs at the transverse plane A1, and from
the mass conservation requirement for incompressible fluid :
For the staggered configuration, the maximum velocity may occur at either the
transverse plane A1 or the diagonal plane A2 :
a. It will occur at A2 if the rows are spaced such that
b. If Vmax occurs at A1 for staggered configuration, it may again be computed

from the equation aligned arrangement.
36
ALIRAN MELINTASI
BERKAS PIPA
More recent results have been obtained and Zukauskas has proposed a
correlation of the form :
All properties except Prs, are evaluated at the arithmetic mean of the fluid inlet
and outlet temperatures.
37
If NL < 20 :
Constant of Zukauskas Equation

for the tube bank in cross flow
38
Correction factor C2 for NL < 20 (ReD,max 103)
39
ALIRAN MELINTASI
BERKAS PIPA
Since the fluid may experience a large change in the temperature as it moves
through the tube bank, the heat transfer rate could be significantly over
predicted by using T = Ts T as temperature difference in Newtons law of
cooling.
The appropriate form of T is shown to be a log-mean temperature difference,
The outlet temperature may be estimated from
40
Pressure drop :
Friction Factor f and correction factor
(In-line tube bundle arrangement)
41
Friction Factor f and correction factor
(Staggered tube bundle arrangement)
42
SELAMAT BELAJAR
GOOD LUCK .
43

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KONVEKSI PAKSA

PERPAN-TM FTUA - Iskandar R.

The local and average convection coefficients may be correlated by equations

Nux f (Re x , Pr)

The problem of convection is one obtaining these functions approach :

The theoretical approach involves solving boundary layer equations for

The fluid temperature in the

In order to account for the

Depite its simplicity, parallel

Moreover, this geometry is

PERPAN-TM FTUA - Iskandar R.

Aliran Laminar : A Similarity Solution

The major convection parameters may be obtained by solving the

PERPAN-TM FTUA - Iskandar R

Aliran Laminar : A Similarity Solution

The velocitiy components are defined in terms of stream function (x,y),

PERPAN-TM FTUA - Iskandar R

Aliran Laminar : A Similarity Solution

Then the velocity components become

By differentiating these u and v relations, the derivatives of the velocity

Substituting these relations into the momentum equation and simplifying :

Aliran Laminar : A Similarity Solution

The approriate boundary conditions are :

In terms of the similarity variables,

The transformed equation with its associated boundary conditions cannot be

The problem is later solved more accurately using different numerical

Aliran Laminar : A Similarity Solution

PERPAN-TM FTUA - Iskandar R

Aliran Laminar : A Similarity Solution

From table , the value of is 5.0.

Then the velocity boundary layer thickness becomes

Substituting the value of the second derivative :

PERPAN-TM FTUA - Iskandar R

Aliran Laminar : A Similarity Solution

To solve equation dimensionless temperature :

The energy equation reduces to

The approriate boundary conditions are :

Then the thermal boundary layer thickness becomes

Aliran Laminar : A Similarity Solution

The average friction coefficient defined as

Moreover, the average heat transfer coefficient for laminar flow is

Integrating and substituting :

Aliran Laminar : A Similarity Solution

Liquid metals such as mercury have high thermal conductivities, and

Churchill and Ozoe proposed the following relation which is applicable

PERPAN-TM FTUA - Iskandar R

(ALIRAN PARALEL PLAT DATAR)

The local friction coefficient correlated to within 15% accuracy by expression

The velocity boundary layer thickness may be expressed as

The local Sherwood number is

PERPAN-TM FTUA - Iskandar R

PERPAN-TM FTUA - Iskandar R

PERPAN-TM FTUA - Iskandar R

PERPAN-TM FTUA - Iskandar R

ALIRAN SILANG PADA

Flow across cylinders and spheres is frequently encountered in practice

The characteristic length for a circular cylinder or sphere is taken to be the

The Reynolds number is defined as

ALIRAN SILANG PADA

PERPAN-TM FTUA - Iskandar R

ALIRAN SILANG PADA

This force has two components is due to

A dimensionless drag coefficient CD may be defined as :

PERPAN-TM FTUA - Iskandar R