Leadership and Leadership

Styles

Contents:

Leadership and definitions of leadership

Personal characteristics of leaders

Leadership Vs Management

Power and Types of power

Historical Approaches of Leadership

Leadership Styles

Comparison of Leadership Styles

Summary and Conclusion

Leadership Definitions:
The ability to influence people toward the
attainment of organizational goals.
Influencing people so that they will strive
willingly towards the achievement of group
goals
Leadership is stated as the process of social
influence in which one person influence,
motivate and support of others in the
accomplishment of a common task.
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Cont

Leadership is the ability of an individual to influence, motivate and

enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of an
organization

Scientist believed leadership is even useful as scientific construct.

Others theorist said Real phenomena that is important for the

effectiveness of organization.

Personal Characteristics of Leaders

Physicalcharacteristics
Energy
Physicalstamina

Workrelatedcharacteristics
Achievementdrive,desiretoexcel
Carefulattentioninpursuitofgoals
persistenceagainstobstacles.

Intelligenceandability
Judgment,cognitiveability
Knowledge
Socialcharacteristics
Judgment,decisiveness
Sociability,interpersonalskills
Cooperativeness
Abilitytoenlistcooperation
Tact,diplomatic

Socialbackground
Education
Mobility

Personality
Selfconfidence
Honestyandintegrity
Enthusiasm
Desiretolead
Independence
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Power:

The potential ability to influence others behavior.

Managers power comes from organizational structure,

promote stability, order and problem solving within the
structure.

Leadership power comes from personal sources like

personal goals, interest and values.

Types of Power

Position Power

Personal Power

Forms of Position Power

LegitimatePower

Powercomingfromaformalmanagementpositionandtheauthority

grantedtoit.E.g:president,supervisor

RewardPower
Stemsfromtheauthoritytogiverewardsonotherpeople.

E.g:manageraccesstoformalrewardlikepayincrease,promotion

etc.

CoercivePower(oppositeofrewardpower):
Theauthoritytopunishorrecommendpunishment.

E.g:mangerrighttofire,critizeanddemoteemployees.
Copyright2009NelsonEducationLtd.

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Forms of Personal Power

Expert Power:
leaders

special knowledge or skill regarding the tasks performed by

followers.
Referent Power:
Personality

characteristics that command subordinates

identification, respect, and admiration so they wish to emulate the
leader.
It

depend on personal characteristics of the manager.

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Cont
Powers

Followers reactions

Legitimate power

Compliance

Reward power

Compliance

Coercive power

Resistance

Expert power

Commitment

Referent power

Commitment

Theories of Leadership
Trait

theories: (1930-1940):

Earliest approach emphasize leaders attributes.

Is there a set of characteristics that determine a
good leader?
Personality?
Dominance

and personal presence?

Charisma?
Self

confidence?

Achievement?
Ability

to formulate a clear vision?

Massive researcher failed to find any trait that would guarantee leadership
success.

 What
The

managers actually do on job?

behaviour researcher falls into two general

subcategories.
One line of research examine how manager perform
Behavioural Approach; (1950)
activities responsibilities and functions, and they cope
with demand , constraints and conflicts.
Another subcategory identify effective leadership
behaviour.
Structure based behavioural theories focus on the leader
instituting structures (task orientated)
Relationship based behavioural theories focus on the
development and maintenance of relationships
(relationship orientated)

Power influence Approach:

Effective leader judge on the basis of power between

leader and subordinate.

Type and amount of power and how power is exercised?

Unidirectional causality

Participative leadership concerned with power sharing

and empowerment of followers.

Situational Approach :

Importance of contextual factors that influence leadership processes.

Major situational variables includes characteristics of followers, type of

organization, nature of work performed by leaders unit, and nature of external
environment.

Cont

This approach has two major categories:

The extent to which leadership are same across

different types of organization, management and
culture.

Identify the aspect of situation that moderate the

relationship of leader attributes and leadership
effectiveness.

Integrative Approach:

This approach involves more than one type of leadership

variables.

E.G: Self-concept theory of charismatic

leadership( followers of some leaders are willing to
exert exceptional efforts and make personal scarifies to
accomplish the group objective or mission).

Styles of leadership

Autocratic leadershipboss makes decisions on their

own without consulting employees.

Democratic leadershipinvolves subordinates in making

decisions

Free-reign leadershipleader believes in minimal supervision,

leaving most decisions to subordinates

Comparison of Leadership Styles

Origins of leadership
Are leaders born or made?

BOTH. Evidence that both inherent personality and environment are factors

What

kind of leader would you be?

Summary

Learn to identify style of your manager

Depends on function of the leader, subordinates, and situation

Some leaders cant work well with high participation of subordinates

Some employees lack the ability or

desire to assume responsibility

Participative decision making may be better when time pressure is not

acute