CHEMISTRY REVISION

FORM 4 : MATTER

 Matter is anything that occupies

space and has mass.
The particle theory of matter states
that matter is made up of a large
number of tiny and discrete particles.

TYPES OF PARTICLES
Particles can exist as atoms,
molecules or ions.
Atom is the smallest, indivisible
particle of an element.
Molecules are particles that made up
of two or more atoms.
Ions are particles that carry charge.
Positive ion Cation
Negative ion - Anion

Matter can be divided into elements and compounds.

Elements
An element is a substance that consists of only one type of atom.
Element can be either atoms or molecules.
Example:

(Both the iron and oxygen are element because they consist of
only one type of atoms)

Compounds

A compound is a substance composed of molecules made

up of atoms of two or more elements.
A compound is made up of either molecules or ions.

Example:

(Both the sodium chloride and carbon dioxide are compound

because they consist of more than one type of atoms)

SYMBOL OF ELEMENT
A symbol of element is the chemical symbol written in short
form to represent a particular element.Some elements are
represented by thefirst letter of its name.
Examples:
Element
Fluorine
Hydrogen
Iodine
Nitrogen
Oxygen

Symbol Element
F
Phosphoru
s
H
Sulphur
I
Carbon
N
Vanadium
O

Symbol
P
S
C
V

If there are two or more elements that have mane start with
the same alphabet letter, a second letter is added to
differentiate between these elements.Thesecond
letterused is alwayslowercase.
Element
Examples:
s

Symbol

Element
s

Symbol

Bromine

Br

Nickel

Ni

Calcium

Ca

Silicon

Si

Chlorine

Cl

Helium

He

Chromiu
m

Cr

Argon

Ar

Magnesiu
m

Mg

Aluminiu
m

Al

Mangane
se

Mn

Zinc

Zn

Neon

Ne

Platinum

Pt

INTER-COVERSION BETWEEN STATES OF

MATTER
Change in Heat and Kinetic Energy of Particles
The change in temperature will influences the kinetic
energy or the speed of the motion of the particles.
When a substance is heated, the kinetic energy of the
particles in the substance increases. This causes the
particles to move or vibrate faster.
Likewise, when a substance is cooled, the kinetic energy of
the particles in the substance decreases. This causes the
particles to move or vibrate slower.
The kinetic energy of the particles in a substance is directly
proportional to the temperature of the substance.

INTER-COVERSION BETWEEN STATES OF

MATTER

Characterist
ics

Solid

Liquid

Arrangemen
Particles are
Particles arenot
t of
arranged inorderly
arranged in
Particles mannerand close to
order.The space
one another.
between particles is
moderately large.
Movement
of Particles

Particles vibrate at
fixed positions.

Force of
Attraction
between
particles

very strong

Gas

The particles are

very far apart
andrandomly
arrange.

Particles move
The particles move
randomly and slowly
randomly in all
and sometimes will directions at great
collide against each
speed.
other.
Strong but weaker
very weak
than in the solid
state.

Ability to
be
compress
ed

Very difficult to be
compressed
because the
particles are
packed closely.

Not easily
compressed
because the
particles are
packed quite
closely.

Easily
compressed
because the
particles are
very far apart.

Volume

Fixed

Fixed

Follows the
container

Heat
Energy
content

Lowest Energy
Content

Moderate energy
content.

Highest
energy content

Shape

Fixed

Follows the
container

Fills the whole

container

MODERN ATOMIC MODEL

According to the modern atomic model,
The central nucleus consists of protons and neutrons.
It containing almost all the mass of the atom.
the nucleus of an atom is very small compared to the
size of the atom
the electrons are orbiting outside the nucleus in the
electron shells
the electrons are moving in electron shells at a very
high speed and we cannot determine the position of
the electrons at a particular time

Relative Mass
Relative Mass
The relative mass of an object is the comparison of
the mass of the object to the mass of a standard
object.
Relative Atomic Mass
The relative atomic mass (Ar) of an element is the
average mass of one atom of the element when
compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of
carbon-12, which taken as 12 units.

Relative Atomic Mass

The mass of an atom when compared to another is
known as the relative atomic mass (Ar).
The relative atomic mass (Ar) of an element is the
average mass of one atom of the element when
compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of
carbon-12, which taken as 12 units.
1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12 is named as
1 atomic mass unit (amu).
The mass of one carbon atom is 12 amu.
1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12 is named as
1 atomic mass unit (amu).
The mass of one carbon atom is 12 amu.

EXAMPLE QUESTION
Example 1
The mass of a sodium atom is 23 times greater than 1/12 of the mass
of carbon-12 atom. What is the relative atomic mass of sodium?
Answer:
23
Example 2:
The mass of element A is twice of the mass of carbon, therefore its
relative atomic mass is __________.
(Relative atomic mass of carbon = 12)
Answer:
Relative Atomic Mass of Element A = 2 x 12 = 24

 Example 3:
An atom of element X is 13 times heavier than one atom of helium.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of X.( Ar: He = 4 )

Answer:
Relative Atomic Mass of X = 13 x 4 = 52

Example 4:
How many times that the mass of 2 bromine atoms are greater than
4 neon atoms? (Ar: Ne = 20; Br = 80 )

Answer:
2(80)4(20)=2
2(80)4(20)=2
The mass of 2 bromine atoms is 2 time greater than the mass of 4
neon atoms.

Example 5
4 atoms of element L have same mass as 1 tellurium atom.
Find the relative atomic mass of L.
(Ar: Te = 128 )

Answer:
4L=1(128)
L=128/4
=32
The relative atomic mass of L = 32

Relative Molecular Mass, Mr

The relative molecular mass (Mr) of an element is the
average mass of one molecule of the element/compound
when compared with of the mass of an atom of carbon-12,
which taken as 12 units.

The relative molecular mass of a molecule is equal to the sum of

the relative atomic mass of all the atoms in the molecule.

Example
Find the relative molecular mass of carbon dioxide.
[ JAR: C = 12; O = 16 ]
Answer:
The formula of carbon dioxide = CO2
Relative molecular mass of CO2= 1 x 12 + 2 x 16 = 44

Example
What is the relative molecular mass of aluminium sulphate
[ Al2(SO4)3]?
( Ar: O = 16, S = 32; Al = 27 )
Answer:
Relative molecular mass ofAl2(SO4)3= 2 x 27 + 3( 32 + 4 x 16) = 342

THE SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES OF

AN ATOM

Atoms are made up of tiny particles called

subatomic particles.
An atom contains three types of subatomic particles:
proton,
neutron and
electron,
The proton and neutron form the nucleus at the
centre of an atom. They are also called the nucleon
of an atom.
The electron moves around the nucleus at a very
high speed.
The nucleus is positively charged because of the
presence of protons, which are positively charged.
The neutrons are neutral.
The
Particle
Symbol
Relative
Relative
mass
symbols,
charge and
relative masses
of proton,
charge
neutron and electron are
as below.
Proton
p
+1
1
Neutron

Electron

-1

1/1840

 Question:
Given that the formula of a compound is KXO 3and its
relative molecular mass is 167. Find the relative
atomic mass of element X?(Ar: O = 16; K = 39 )
Answer
Let's say the relative atomic mass of element X = m
The relative moleculaar mass of KXO 3
= 39 + m + 3(16) = 167
m = 167 - 39 - 3(16) = 80
relative atomic mass of element X = 80

 Question:
The general formula of a hydrocarbon is
CnH2nand the relative molecular mass of the
hydrocarbon is 84. Find the value of n.
Answer:
Relative molecular mass ofCnH2n
= n(12) + 2n(1) = 84
14n = 84
n = 84/14 = 6

Concept Of Mole
A mole is defined as the amount of substance which contains the Avogadro
Number of particles.
The Avogadro Number (or Avogadro Constant) is defined as the number of atoms
in 12 g of the carbon-12 isotope, which is equal to 6.02 x 10 23.
1 mole = 6.02 x 1023

Example:
1 mol of atoms =6.02 x 1023atoms
mol of atoms =3.01 x 1023atoms
mol of atoms =1.505 x 1023atoms.

Note:
The particles in a material can be atoms, molecules or ions.
Therefore
1 mol potassium atom =6.02 x 1023potassium atom
1 mol carbon dioxide molecules =6.02 x 1023of carbon dioxide molecules.
1 mol sulphate ions =6.02 x 1023sulphate ions
Mole and mol
Mole is the unit of amount of substance.
mol is the symbol of mole.

 Example:
Find the number of atoms in:
2 mol ferum
3.6 mol zink
2.8 mol zink
mol ferum
Answer:
2 mol iron = 2 x6.02 x 1023= 1.204x 1024iron atoms
3.6 mol zink = 3.6 x6.02 x 1023= 2.167x 1024zink
atoms
2.8 mol zink = 2.8 x6.02 x 1023= 1.686x 1024zink atoms
mol iron = x6.02 x 1023= 1.505x 1023iron atoms.

Number Of Mole And Number Of Particles

We have just learn that, mole is aquantity, and it is equal
to 6.02 x 1023. The number6.02 x 1023is called the
Avogadro constant.
Therefore, if we are given the number of mole of substance,
and asked to find the number of particles (atoms, molecules
or ions) in it, we multiply the number of mole by the
Avogadro constant.
Likewise, if we are given the number of particles, and asked
to find the number of mole of the particles, we divide the
number of particles by the Avogadro constant.

 Example
Which contains more atoms, 1 mol of helium
or 1 mol of uranium? Which has a greater
mass? [ RAM: He=4; U=238 ]
Answer:
1 mol of helium and 1 mol of uranium has
equal number of atoms.
The mass of one Uranium atom ss greater
than the mass of one helium atom.

 Example
Find the number of atoms in 2.5 mol
of gold.
Answer:
Number of atoms
= Number of mole x Avogadro
constant
= 2.5 x6.02 x 1023=1.505 x 1024

 Example
How many moles of magnesium that
contain 2.76x 1023of magnesium
atom?
Answer:
Number of mole
= Number of atomsAvogadro
constant
=2.76x 10236.02 x 1023

Number Of Mole Of Atoms And Number Of Mole Of

Molecules

All molecules contain more than one atom.

For example, in a carbon dioxide molecule (CO 2),
there are 3 atoms - 1 carbon atom and 2 oxygen
atoms.
Therefore, in 5carbon dioxide molecules, there will
be 15 atoms- 5 carbon atom and 10 oxygen atoms.
Similarly,in 1 molecarbon dioxide molecules, there
will be 3 mole atoms- 1 mole carbon atoms and 2
mole oxygen atoms, and in 3molecarbon dioxide
molecules, there will be 9 mole atoms- 3 mole
carbon atoms and 6 mole oxygen atoms, so on and
so forth.