CH5 Magnetic Field

Chapter 5
Magnetism
ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

PUSAT ASASI SAINS PERTANIAN, UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Learning outcome:
Magnetic field
Draw magnetic field lines of magnets and current carrying

conductor
Calculate the magnetic field due to magnets and current
carrying conductor
Calculate the magnetic force near a conducting wire
Calculate the magnetic force on a charge in a magnetic
field
Explain the motion of a charge in a magnetic field
Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnets
A class of materials that can
pull ferromagnetic materials,
such as iron, and attracts or
repels other magnets.
Ferromagnetic material can be
magnetized to become
permanent magnets.
An electromagnet can be
made from a coil of wire that
acts as a magnet when an
electric current passes
through it but stops being a
magnet when the current
stops.
Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Domains
An individual atom should act like a magnet because of the
motion of the electrons about the nucleus
However, the magnetic field produced by one electron in
an atom is often canceled by an oppositely revolving
electron in the same atom. The net result is that the
magnetic effect produced by electrons orbiting the
nucleus is either zero or very small for most materials
Electrons also have spin. The field due to the spinning is
generally stronger than the field due to the orbital
motion. Electrons usually pair up with their spins
opposite each other, so their fields cancel each other.
Electrons usually pair up with their spins opposite each
other, so their fields cancel each other

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Domains
In some materials, the spins do
not naturally cancel. Such
materials are called ferromagnetic
Large groups of atoms in which
the spins are aligned are called
domains.
When an external field is
applied, the domains that are
aligned with the field tend to
grow at the expense of the
others. This causes the
material to become magnetized

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Field
Surrounding a magnet there is a
magnetic field.
Any ferromagnetic material in
the magnetic field will be
attracted by the magnet
The direction of the magnetic
field at any point in space is the
direction indicated by the north
pole of a small compass needle
placed at that point.

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Field Lines

The magnetic field lines
never intersects
The direction of the field is
the direction a north pole
would point
The magnetic field is strongest
where the field lines of force
come close together, and is
weakest when the field lines are
far apart.

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM

Magnetic fields can be visualized using
magnetic field lines
The magnetic field lines

pattern may be traced
using a compass
The magnetic field

lines of a bar magnet
Pattern of iron filings in the

vicinity of a bar magnet

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic field lines

pattern for unlike poles
The magnetic field

lines patterns for like
poles

pattern between wide
poles

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Similarities of magnetic field lines and

electric field lines
+
+
Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Hans Christian Oersted

(1777 1851)
First observed that a compass needle

deflects (indicating the presence of
magnetic field) when placed near a
wire carrying a current
Magnetic field can be produced by

current carrying conductor

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Field of a long

The magnetic field pattern

are concentric circles
The direction is determine by
the right hand screw rule
The direction of the

magnetic is indicated by the
deflection of the compass

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Field of a long

Current out of the page
Right hand screw rule

Current into the page

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Field of
current carrying loop
Magnetic field lines pattern

in a current loop

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Field of
current carrying solenoid
The magnetic field lines of
solenoid are similar to magnetic
field lines of bar magnet
clockwiSe
aNticlockwise
Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Solenoids and Electromagnets

If a piece of iron is inserted in the solenoid, the magnetic
field greatly increases. Such electromagnets have many
practical applications.
Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Field (strength)

Definition:
The magnetic field (strength) at a point
is the magnetic force on a test charge
placed at that point.
The test charge is
a point moving
charge.
The SI unit
for magnetic field
is Tesla (T)

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Field (strength)

The SI unit
for magnetic field is Tesla (T)
Typical magnetic field
Conventional
magnets 2.5 T
Superconducting
magnets 30 T
Earths magnetic field

5 x 105 T

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Andr-Marie Ampre (1775 1836)

Credited with the discovery of
electromagnetism
Relationship between electric
currents and magnetic fields
Ampres Law
Sum all the products of B||
around the closed
path is o I

B dl 0 I
o = 4 x 10-7 T.m / A is called

the permeability of free space

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Ampres Law
Choose
an arbitrary
closed path around
the current
Sum all the products
of B|| around the
closed path
Physics
Pusat Asasi Sains Pertanian
Universiti Putra Malaysia

I
o
B
2
r
Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire

The magnitude of the field at a
distance r from a wire carrying
a current of I is
o = 4 x 10-7 T.m / A is called the

permeability of free space
Right Hand Rule

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Fields of Current Loops

The magnitude of the magnetic
field at the center of a circular
loop with a radius R and
carrying current I is
o I
B
2R
With N loops in the coil,
this becomes
o I
B N
2R
The field lines around the loop

resemble those around a bar magnet

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Fields of a solenoid

The magnetic field in
its interior is almost
uniform
B o nI
If a long straight wire is bent into a coil of
several closely spaced loops, the resulting
device is called a solenoid
It is also known as an electromagnet since it
acts like a magnet only when it carries a current
n is number of turns
per unit length
n=N/


I
o
B
2
r
Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Field of

pattern in a long wire

pattern in a current
loop

pattern in a solenoid
B o nI
o I
2R

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Fields of a solenoid

The magnetic field in
its interior is almost
uniform
B o nI
n is number of turns
per unit length
n=N/
We can make an electromagnet stronger by :

1. wrapping the coil around an iron core
2. adding more turns to the coil
3. increasing the current flowing through the
coil.

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Electromagnets vs natural magnets

In many ways a natural magnet and an electromagnet are the same.
Both are objects generating large magnetic fields out of electric
currents. Both have a north and a south pole. However, an
electromagnet can vary its strength (by varying its current) and a
natural magnet cannot. An electromagnet can switch its poles (by
reversing its voltage) while a natural magnet cannot. The field of a
natural magnet is generated by many microscopic currents. The field
of an electromagnet is generated by a single large-scale current.
Strength
Depending on their design, electromagnets can create a much stronger field
than permanent magnets. According to the National High Magnetic Field
Laboratory, the most powerful permanent magnets create a field of about
1.5 teslas (the unit used to measure magnetic field strength). The world's
most powerful electromagnets, however, generate sustained fields of up to
45 teslas.

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Force
A charged particle moving through
a magnetic field, experiences a
magnetic force
r
r r
F q (v B )
The direction of the magnetic force

is perpendicular to both the
directions of the velocity of the
charged particle and of the
magnetic field
RIGHT HAND RULE

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Force on a charge

The following conditions must be met for
a charge to experience a magnetic force
when placed in a magnetic field:
1.The charge must be moving.
2.The velocity of the charge must have a
perpendicular component to the direction
of the magnetic field.
r
r r
F q (v B )
Magnetic Force
Magnitude: q v B sin
Direction: RHR

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM

Magnetic Force
r
r r
F q (v B )
Magnetic force is zero

when the charge moves
parallel to the field
F=0
Magnitude: q v B sin
Direction: RHR
Magnetic force has a

maximum value when
the charge moves
perpendicularly to the
magnetic field lines
Only the perpendicular

component contribute to
the magnetic force
F = q v B sin
F=qvB

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM

Magnetic Force
r
r r
F q (v B )
If the charge enters perpendicularly

to the field the charge will move in
a circular path.
The magnetic force causes a
centripetal acceleration towards
the centre of the circle.
Equating the magnetic and
centripetal forces:
2
mv
qvB
r
Or
mv
r
qB

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Mass Spectrometer
A mass spectrometer measures the
masses of atoms.
Mass Spectrograph
If a charged particle is moving through

perpendicular electric and magnetic fields,
there is a particular speed at which it will
not be deflected, that is
q v B q E or v
E
B
All the atoms reaching the second magnetic field

will have the same speed; their mass may be
determine by their radius of curvature.
r q B r q B2
m
v
E

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Particle Moving in an External

Magnetic Field
If the particles velocity

is not perpendicular to
the field, the path
followed by the particle
is a spiral
The spiral path is
called a helix
Physics
Pusat Asasi Sains Pertanian
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Force
on a Current Carrying Conductor
A force is exerted on a current-carrying
wire placed in a magnetic field
r
r r
F I ( L B)
Magnitude: B I L sin
is the angle between field B and
the direction of current I
The force is maximum when the

direction of the current is
F:
perpendicular to that of the
magnetic field
BIL

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Force
A force is exerted on a current-carrying
r
r r
F I ( L B)
wire placed in a magnetic field
Magnitude: B I L sin
The force is maximum
when the direction of the
current is perpendicular
to that of the magnetic
field
F: B I L
The force is zero when

1.the direction of the current
is parallel to that of the
magnetic field
2.there is no current.

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Magnetic Force
The direction of the force
is given by right hand rule
I
B
F
F
I
F: B I L
Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Force between Two Parallel Wires

Current carrying wires can exert
forces on each other.
Field lines
of wire 2
B
Field lines
of wire 1
B
F
F
Force on
wire 1
Force on
wire 2
Parallel conductors carrying currents in the opposite directions

repel each other

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM

Current carrying wires can exert
forces on each other.
wire 1
wire 2
Field lines
of wire 1
Force on
wire 1 F
B
Field lines
of wire 2
B
Force on
wire 2
Parallel conductors carrying currents in the same direction

attract each other

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Forces between
Two Current Loops / solenoids
S

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM

The magnetic field produced
due to the current in wire 1 at
the position of wire 2 is
The force this field exerts

on a length L2 of wire 2 is
0 I1
F2
I 2 L2
2 d
B1
B1
B1
Remember F = B I L

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM

The force this field exerts
on a length L2 of wire 2 is
0
F2
2
I1
I 2 L2
d
B1
F
B1
Force per unit length:
F2 0 I1 I 2
L2 2 d
B1

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
Defining Ampere
Force per unit length:
F2 0 I1 I 2
L2 2 d
The force between parallel
conductors is used to define the
Ampere (A)
If two long, parallel wires 1 m apart
carry the same current, and the
magnitude of the magnetic force per
unit length is 2 x 10-7 N/m, then the
current is defined to be as 1 A
F = 2 x 10-7 N/m
1m

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil

Opposite sides of a loop carries equal amount of current in opposite
directions. The forces on opposite sides of the loop must have equal
magnitude and opposite in direction.
The loop tends to rotate about its centre due to torque of the pair of
equal opposite forces.

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
DC motor
Converts electrical energy (current) to
mechanical energy (rotational motion)

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
DC motor

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
DC motor
To keep the torque on a DC
motor from reversing every time
the coil moves through the plane
perpendicular to the magnetic
field, a split-ring device called a
commutator is used to reverse
the current at that point. The
electrical contacts to the rotating
ring are called "brushes" since
copper brush contacts were used
in early motors. Modern motors
normally use spring-loaded
carbon contacts, but the
historical name for the contacts
has persisted.

Chapter 5 MAGNETISM
DC motor


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Chapter 5

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Draw magnetic field lines of magnets and current carrying

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Magnetic Field Lines

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Magnetic Field Lines

The magnetic field lines

The magnetic field

Pattern of iron filings in the

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Magnetic Field Lines

Magnetic field lines

The magnetic field

Magnetic field lines

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Similarities of magnetic field lines and

Hans Christian Oersted

First observed that a compass needle

Magnetic field can be produced by

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Magnetic Field of a long

The magnetic field pattern

The direction of the

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Magnetic Field of a long

Current out of the page

Right hand screw rule

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Magnetic field lines pattern

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Solenoids and Electromagnets

Magnetic Field (strength)

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Magnetic Field (strength)

Earths magnetic field

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Andr-Marie Ampre (1775 1836)

o = 4 x 10-7 T.m / A is called

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire

o = 4 x 10-7 T.m / A is called the

Right Hand Rule

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Magnetic Fields of Current Loops

The field lines around the loop

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Magnetic Fields of a solenoid

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Magnetic field lines

Magnetic field lines

Magnetic field lines

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Magnetic Fields of a solenoid

We can make an electromagnet stronger by :

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Electromagnets vs natural magnets

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

The direction of the magnetic force

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics

Magnetic Force on a charge

ASP 0503 Electricity, Magnetism and Modern Physics