PRESSURE

GAS

SOLID
LIQUIID
Pascals
principle
Archimedes
principle

Atmospheric

Bernoullis
principle
1

Pressure applied to an enclosed liquid is transmitted

equally to every part of the liquid

Pressure applied to an
enclosed liquid is
transmitted equally to
every part of the liquid

P2

P1

A1
h1

A2

h2

P1 = P2

F1 = F2
A1 A2
Liquids are difficult
to compress.
V1 = V 2

SOLVE PROBLEMS
10 N

LOAD

PISTON AREA
50cm2

PISTON AREA
200cm2

liquid

The diagram show a simple

hydraulic jack. Calculate the load
at large piston, if the load at
small piston is 10 N.

FI = F2
A1 A2
10 N = F2
50cm 200cm
F2 = 2000 Ncm
50cm
= 40 N

Practise
Piston area

Piston area

liquid
Rubber tube
The diagram shows 2 syringe are contact with one
rubber tube.
Calculate
a)

The pressure react at large piston.

b)

The force react at large piston.

6

HYDRAULIC JACK
When the handle is pushed down,
Valve A will be closed, while
valve B will be opened.
2. Pressure will be transmitted to
the larger piston.
The increased force will
pushed up the car

HANDLE
TANK

VALVE A

When the handle is pulled up.

Valve A will be opened, while
valve B will be closed.
2. Hydraulic oil will be
transmitted from the tank to
the small cylinder.

VALVE B

RELEASE VALVE

HYDRAULIC OIL

When Release valve is opened,

Hydraulic oil will be
transmitted to the tank
The larger piston will move
downward
3. Thus the car will also move
downward

10

1. The piston of the wheel cylinder is larger than that of the master
cylinder.
2. A small force from the driver to the pedal causes a higher force on the
brake shoe to the brake drum to slow down the car.
3. The function of the return spring is to pull the brake to its original
position when there is no pressure.
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MASTER CYLINDER
HYDRAULIC OIL
BRAKE SHOE
TO OTHER BRAKE

BRAKE
CYLINDER

SHAFT

TYRE

BRAKE DISC

12

How hydraulic brakes work?

1. When the pedal is being pressed, the Master cylinder is
pushed inside.
2. Pressure is applied and transmitted to the whole liquid
uniformly.
3. Then, this pressure is transmitted to the big piston at
the brake cylinder located at the four wheels of a car.
4. Thus, the rotation of the wheels will slow down and finally stop.
5. The brake will be less functional if air is trapped
inside the hydraulic oil pipe.
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Example 1

14

Practice 2
The hydraulic jack in the figure shows that piston A and
piston B are of cross-sectional area 5 cm2 and 100 cm2
respectively. If a mass of 3 kg is placed on piston A,
(a) what is the maximum weight that can be lifted by piston B?
(b)If the distance moved by piston A is 75 cm, what is the
distance moved by the piston B?

15

Practice 3
The figure shows a hydraulic jack whereby a car of weight 8000
N is placed on top of the larger piston. The cross-sectional
area of the small piston and the large piston are 0.2 m2 and
4 m2 respectively.
(a) What is the minimum force that must be applied to the small
piston in order to lift the car?

16

Mastery Practice 3.4 Page 95

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