Cellular

Division
1

Cell Division
All cells are derived from pre-

existing cells
New cells are produced for
growth and to replace damaged or
old cells

DNA Replication

DNA must be
Original DNA
copied or
strand
replicated
before cell
Two new,
division
identical DNA
Each new cell
strands
will then have an
identical copy of
the DNA

Identical Daughter Cells

Two
identical
daughter
cells
Parent Cell
4

Eukaryotic Chromosomes

All eukaryotic cells store genetic

information in chromosomes

Human body cells have 46 chromosomes

or 23 identical pairs

Eukaryotic Chromosomes

Each chromosome is composed of a

single, tightly coiled DNA molecule
Chromosomes cant be seen when
cells arent dividingand are called
chromatin

Compacting DNA into

Chromosomes
DNA is
tightly
coiled
around
proteins
called
histones
7

Chromosomes in Dividing Cells

Duplicated
chromosomes are
called
chromatids &
are held
together by the
centromere
Called Sister Chromatids

Karyotype
A picture of the
chromosomes from a
human cell arranged
in pairs by size
First 22 pairs are
called autosomes
Last pair are the
sex chromosomes
XX female or XY
male
9

Boy or Girl?
The Y Chromosome Decides

Y - Chromosome

X - Chromosome
10

The Cell
Cycle
11

Sketch the Cell Cycle

DNA Copied
Cells
Mature

Daughter
Cells

Cells prepare for

Division

Cell Divides into

Identical cells
12

Five Phases of the Cell Cycle

G1 - primary growth phase
S synthesis; DNA replicated
G2 - secondary growth phase
collectively these 3 stages are
called interphase
M - mitosis
C - cytokinesis
13

Interphase - G1 Stage
1st growth stage after cell
division
Cells mature by making more
cytoplasm & organelles
Cell carries on its normal
metabolic activities

14

Interphase S Stage

Synthesis stage
DNA is copied or replicated

Two
identical
copies
of DNA

Original
DNA
15

Interphase G2 Stage
2nd Growth Stage
Occurs after DNA has been copied
All cell structures needed for
division are made (e.g. centrioles)
Both organelles & proteins are
synthesized

16

Whats Happening in Interphase?

What the cell looks like

Animal Cell

Whats occurring
17

Mitosis
18

Four Mitotic Stages

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

19

profase
The chromosomes condense
and become visible
The centrioles form and
move toward opposite ends
of the cell ("the poles")
The nuclear membrane
dissolves
The mitotic spindle forms
(from the centrioles in
animal cells)
Spindle fibers from each
centriole attach to each
sister chromatid at the
kinetochore
20

Spindle Fiber attached to

Chromosome
Kinetochore
Fiber

Chromosome

21

Metaphase
What the cell looks
like

Whats
occurring
22

Anaphase & Telophase

23

Cytokinesis

Means division of the cytoplasm

Division of cell into two,
identical halves called daughter
cells
In plant cells, cell plate forms
at the equator to divide cell
In animal cells, cleavage furrow
forms to split cell
24

Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow
in animal cell

Cell plate in
animal cell

25

Mitotic Division of an Animal Cell

G2 OF INTERPHASE

Centrosomes
(with centriole pairs)

Nucleolus

PROPHASE

PROMETAPHASE

Aster
Fragments Kinetochore
Chromatin Early mitotic
Centromere of nuclear
spindle
Nonkinetochore
(duplicated)
envelope
microtubules

Nuclear Plasma
envelope membrane

Chromosome, consisting
of two sister chromatids

Kinetochore
microtubule

Mitotic Division of an Animal Cell

METAPHASE

ANAPHASE

Metaphase
plate

Spindle

Daughter
Centrosome at
one spindle pole chromosomes

TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

Cleavage
furrow

Nuclear
envelope
forming

Nucleolus
forming

Eukaryotic Cell Division

Used for growth and repair
Produce two new cells
identical to the original cell
Cells are diploid (2n)

Prophase

Metaphase

Chromosomes during
Metaphase of mitosis

Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

28

Uncontrolled Mitosis
If mitosis is not
controlled, unlimited
cell division occurs
causing cancerous
tumors
Oncogenes are special
proteins that
increase the chance
that a normal cell
develops into a tumor
cell

Cancer cells

29

Meiosis

Formation of Gametes
(Eggs & Sperm)

30

Facts About Meiosis

Preceded by interphase which
includes chromosome replication
Two meiotic divisions --- Meiosis
I and Meiosis II
Called Reduction- division
Original cell is diploid (2n)
Four daughter cells produced that
are monoploid/haploid (1n)
31

Facts About Meiosis

Daughter cells contain half the

number of chromosomes as the
original cell
Produces gametes (eggs & sperm)
Occurs in the testes in males
(Spermatogenesis)
Occurs in the ovaries in females
(Oogenesis)
32

Fertilization Putting it
all together
2n = 6
1n =3

33

Meiosis Forms Haploid Gametes

Meiosis must reduce the chromosome number by half
Fertilization then restores the 2n number

from mom

from dad

child
too
much!

meiosis reduces
genetic content
The right
number!
34

35

MEIOSIS I
PROFASE 1
The chromosomes condense and become
visible
The centrioles form and move toward the
poles
The nuclear membrane begins to dissolve
The homologs pair up, forming a tetrad

36

METAFASE 1
Microtubules grow from the
centrioles and attach to the
centromeres
The tetrads line up along
the cell equator

ANAFASE 1
homologous
chromosomes separate
(note that the sister
chromatids are still
attached)

TELOFASE 1
The chromosomes may
decondense (depends on
species)
Cytokinesis reaches
completion, creating
two haploid daughter
cells
37

MEIOSIS II

Prophase II
Centrioles form
and move toward
the poles
The nuclear
membrane dissolves

38

Metaphase II
Microtubules grow
from the centrioles
and attach to the
centromeres
The sister
chromatids line up
along the cell equator

Anaphase II
The centromeres
break and sister
chromatids
separate

Telophase II
The chromosomes may
decondense (depends on
species)
Cytokinesis reaches
completion, creating
four haploid daughter
cells

39

Perbandingan mitosis dan meiosis

40

Gametogenesis
Oogenesis
or
Spermatogenesis
41

Spermatogenesis
Occurs in the
testes
Two divisions
produce 4
spermatids
Spermatids mature
into sperm
Men produce about
250,000,000
sperm per day
42

Spermatogenesis in the
Testes
Spermatid

43

Spermatogenesis

44

Oogenesis

Occurs in the ovaries

Two divisions produce 3 polar bodies
that die and 1 egg
Polar bodies die because of unequal
division of cytoplasm
Immature egg called oocyte
Starting at puberty, one oocyte
matures into an ovum (egg) every 28
days
45

Oogenesis
First polar body
may divide
(haploid)
a

Mitosis
Oogonium
(diploid)

Primary
oocyte
(diploid)

X
a

X
a

Polar
bodies
die

Meiosis I Meiosis II
(if fertilization
A
occurs)
X
A

Secondary
oocyte
(haploid)

Ovum (egg) Mature

egg
A
X

Second
polar body
(haploid)
46