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Ability to be cast
Economical
Durable
Fire resistant
Energy efficient
On-site fabrication
Cement
Water
Fine Agg.
Coarse Agg.
Admixtures
Workability
Consistency
Segregation
Bleeding
Setting
Time
Unit Weight
Uniformity
10 cm
30 cm
20 cm
Sp.Gr.
Size
2.4-2.8 5-40 mm
F.Agg.
2.4-2.8
< 5 mm
It is caused by
the inability of
solid constituents
of the mix to hold
all of the mixing
water as they
settle down.
A special case of
Hand mixed
Mixer mixed
Mixing at Site
Inadequate
consolidation can
result in:
Honeycomb
Excessive amount of entrapped
air voids (bugholes)
Sand streaks
Placement lines (Cold joints)
Vibrator
d
R
1 R
Radius of Action
20-40
30-60
50-90
9000-15,000
8500-12,500
8000-12,000
80-150
130-250
180-360
Application
0.8-4
2.3-8
4.6-15
CORRECT
Vertical penetration a few
inches into previous lift (which
should not yet be rigid) of
systematic regular intervals will
give adequate consolidation
INCORRECT
Haphazard random penetration
of the vibrator at all angles and
spacings without sufficient
depth will not assure intimate
combination of the two layers
Form vibrators
Vibrating tables (Lab)
Surface vibrators
Vibratory screeds
Plate vibrators
Vibratory roller screeds
Vibratory hand floats or
trowels
Vibrating Table:
used for small
amounts of
concrete
(laboratory and
some precast
elements)
Properties
1.
2.
3.
Low humidity
Wind, excessive evaporation
Direct sunlight
Solutions
Windbreaks
Cooled Concrete Ingredients
Water ponding (cooling due to evaporation)
Reflective coatings/coverings
Concrete uniformity is
checked by conducting tests
on fresh and hardened
concretes.
Slump, unit weight, air content
tests
Strength tests
Strength
Permeability & durability
Shrinkage & creep deformations
Response to temperature variations
What
Doesnt?
Compressive
Strength is determined by
loading properly prepared and cured cubic,
cylindrical or prismatic specimens under
compression.
Cubic: 15x15x15 cm
Cubic specimens are crushed after rotating
them 90 to decrease the amount of friction
caused by the rough finishing.
Cylinder: h/D=2 with h=15
To decrease the amount of friction, capping of
the rough casting surface is performed.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Cubic specimens
without capping
Cylindrical
specimens
with capping
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Tensile
st =
2P
Dl
Splitting
Tensile
Strength
P: applied compressive
load
D: diameter of specimen
l: length of specimen
The results
obtained are
useful because
concrete is
subjected to
flexural loads
more often than
it is subjected to
P
d
bd3
I=
12
M=Pl/
4
(Pl/4) (d/2)
M
3
=
=
cI
bd3/12
2
P/2
Pl
bd
2
P/2
=
M=Pl/
(Pl/6) (d/2)
bd3/1
2
Pl
=
bd
2
1)
Factors depended on
the test type:
Size of specimen
Size of specimen in
relation with size of
agg.
Support condition af
specimen
Moisture condition of
specimen
Type of loading adopted
Rate of loading
Type of test machine
2.
Factors independent of
test type:
Type of cement
Type of agg.
Degree of compaction
Mix proportions
Type of curing
Type of stress situation
ult
(40-50%)
ult
ult
- relationship
for concrete is
nonlinear.
However,
specially for
cylindrical
specimens with
h/D=2, it can be
assumed as
linear upto 40-
Due to the
nonlinearity of the diagram, E is the
defined by:
1. Initial Tangent Method
2. Tangent Method
3. Secant Method
Macrostructure
Aggregates (CA, FA)
Hydrated cement paste (hcp)
Entrapped air voids
Microstructure
Hydrated cement paste (Hydration products: C-S-H, ettringite,
monosulfate; porosity: gel, capillary pores entrained/ entrapped
air voids)
Transition zone (TZ)
Macrostructure
Microstructure
Macrostructure
Microstructure
Alkali-silica reaction:
Visible cracks in
Reaction product
hcp and
forms at TZ and
aggregates due to
expands
volume changes
Frost action: Water
(to understand
freezes in capillary
pores and expands
cause of cracks,
Sulfate attack:
microstructure
reaction products
should be
form in hcp and
examined)
expand
Ground
Concrete
Ca(OH)2
Accompanied
by shrinkage carbonation
shrinkage
Makes
Alkalies
Expansions
Slow
Dont
in volume
process
Electrochemical
Thus
Water
To prevent the
concrete from this
distress airentraining
admixtures are
used to produce
air-entrained
W+C+C.Agg.+F.Agg.+Admixtures Weights /
Volumes?
1.
2.
In
Weight Fine
of
Agg
cement
.
Coars
e
Agg.
Modern
Most
Max w/c
Min cement content
Min air content
Slump
Strength
Durability
Type of cement
Admixtures
Max agg. size
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Example:
Slump 75-100 mm
Dmax 25 mm
fc,28 = 25 MPa
Specific Gravity of cement = 3.15
Non-air entrained concrete
Coarse Agg.
Fine Agg.
2.68
2.62
Absorption
0.5%
1.0%
Total Moist.Content
2.0%
5.0%
1600 kg/m3
2.6
1.
2.
3.
(Table 14.6)
4.
5.
6.
7.
193
= 0.193
Vwater
1.0*100 m3
=
0 316
= 0.100
Vcement
3.15*100 m3
=
0
111
= 0.414
VC.Agg. =
2.68*100
0
m3
0
Vair = 0.015
m3 (1.5%*1)
V=
M
Sp.Gr.*
w
WField =WDry
*(1+m)
9.
Trial Batch
Usually a 0.02 m3 of concrete is sufficient
to verify the slump and air content of the
mix. If the slump and air content are
different readjustments of the proportions
should be made.