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Patel Akash Govindbhai

Patel Akashkumar Hasmukhbhai
Patel Avikumar Manojbhai
Patel Brijesh Jagadishbhai
Patel Dax Jashvantbhai

SOLIDS

To understand and remember various solids in this subject properly,

those are classified & arranged in to two major groups.

Group A

Group B

Solids having top and base of same shape

Solids having base of some shape

and just a point as a top, called
apex.

Cylinder

Cone
Prisms

Triangular

Cube

Square

( A solid having
six square faces)

Pentagonal Hexagonal

Pyramids

Triangular

Square

Tetrahedron
( A solid having
Four triangular faces)

Pentagonal Hexagonal

SOLIDS
Dimensional parameters of different solids.
Square Prism

Corner of
base

Cylinder

Slant
Edge
Base

Edge
of
Base

Base
Edge
of
Base

Cone
Apex

Apex

Top
Rectangular
Face
Longer
Edge

Square Pyramid

Triangular
Base
Face

Corner of
base

Sections of solids( top & base not parallel)

Base

Generators
Imaginary lines
generating curved surface
of cylinder & cone.

Frustum of cone & pyramids.

( top & base parallel to each other)

STANDING ON H.P
On its base.
(Axis perpendicular to Hp
And // to Vp.)

F.V.

RESTING ON H.P
On one point of base circle.
(Axis inclined to Hp
And // to Vp)

F.V.

LYING ON H.P
On one generator.
(Axis inclined to Hp
And // to Vp)

F.V.

While observing Fv, x-y line represents Horizontal Plane. (Hp)

While observing Tv, x-y line represents Vertical Plane. (Vp)

T.V.

T.V.

STANDING ON V.P
RESTING ON V.P
On its base.
On one point of base circle.
Axis perpendicular to Vp
Axis inclined to Vp
And // to Hp
And // to Hp

T.V.
LYING ON V.P
On one generator.
Axis inclined to Vp
And // to Hp

SECTIONING A SOLID.
An object ( here a solid ) is cut by
some imaginary cutting plane
to understand internal details of that
object.

The action of cutting is called

SECTIONING a solid
&
The plane of cutting is called
SECTION PLANE.

Two cutting actions means section planes are recommended.

OBSERVER

A) Section Plane perpendicular to Vp and inclined to Hp.

( This is a definition of an Aux. Inclined Plane i.e. A.I.P.)
NOTE:- This section plane appears
as a straight line in FV.

ASSUME
UPPER PART
REMOVED

A
PL
.
N
TO N FV
C
I
E

NE

(A)

B) Section Plane perpendicular to Hp and inclined to Vp.

( This is a definition of an Aux. Vertical Plane i.e. A.V.P.)
NOTE:- This section plane appears
(B)
as a straight line in TV.
Remember:ASSUME
1. After launching a section plane
LOWER PART
either in FV or TV, the part towards observerREMOVED
is assumed to be removed.
2. As far as possible the smaller part is
assumed to be removed.

SE
C

OBSERVER

TO
N
IN PLA
TV NE
.

ILLUSTRATION SHOWING
IMPORTANT TERMS
IN SECTIONING.

For TV

Fo
r

Tr
ue

Sh
a

pe

SECTION
PLANE
TRUE SHAPE
Of SECTION
x

Apparent Shape
of section
SECTION LINES
(450 to XY)

SECTIONAL T.V.

bol
a

Section Plane
Ellipse
Section PlaneTriangle Through Generators
Through Apex

Pa
ra

Typical Section Planes

&
Typical Shapes
Of
Sections.

Section Plane Parallel

to end generator.
Ellipse

Cylinder through
generators.

Section Plane Hyperbola

Parallel to Axis.
Trapezium

Sq. Pyramid through

all slant edges

Q 14.11: A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP and all
the edges of the base equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to the
VP, inclined at 45 to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw its sectional top view, sectional side
view and true shape of the section.

2
1

3
1

X
1

4
1
11

3
2

2 4
1

b d
a

45

d
4

a c

Y
b

Q 14.14: A pentagonal pyramid , base 30mm side and axis 60 mm long is lying on one of its triangular faces
on the HP with the axis parallel to the VP. A vertical section plane, whose HT bisects the top view of the axis
and makes an angle of 30 with the reference line, cuts the pyramid removing its top part. Draw the top view,
sectional front view and true shape of the section and development of the surface of the remaining portion of
the pyramid.
o

a
60

be

be
b

cd

cd

b
c 1
1

c
o

d
e

d
1

3
2

a1

30

o1

3
31

21

41

e
1

11
51

61

Q 14.6: A Hexagonal prism has a face on the H.P. and the axis parallel to the V.P. It is cut by a vertical section
plane the H.T. of which makes an angle of 45 with XY and which cuts the axis at a point 20 mm from one of
its ends. Draw its sectional front view and the true shape of the section. Side of base 25 mm long height
65mm.
a
f

b
e

c
d

a f

65

a f

b e

b e
2

a
f

b
e
b

c
d

b1

b1
1 2

37

a1 c1

a1c1

Y1

25

cd

cd

f
e

4 6

f1 d1

f1d1

20

31

21

e1

e1

11

41
71

X1

51

61

Q 14.24: A Cone base 75 mm diameter and axis 80 mm long is resting on its base on H.P. It is cut by a section
plane perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 45 to the H.P. and cutting the axis at a point 35 mm from the apex.
Draw the front view, sectional top view, sectional side view and true shape of the section.

1
h
i1

c1

f1

X1

l1

d
j

35

k1

j1

g
f
e h
i

b
l

4
10

6
8

5
9

4 5
3

5
6
e
f
g

12

l
k

11

k
l
a

3
2

2 3
1 12 11

h
i

c
k

10

Y1

6
2

7
1

8 910
12 11

Q14.13: A hexagonal pyramid, base 30 mm side and axis 65 mm long is resting on its base on
the HP, with two edges of the base parallel to the VP. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular
to VP and inclined at 45 to the HP, intersecting the axis at a point 25 mm above the base. Draw
the front view, sectional top view, sectional side view and true shape of the section.
51

41

61

X2

Y1
31

71
11

4
35

21

65

X1
26
bf

25

17
ce

o
7

5
f

6
b
c

e
Y2

1 a
d

f
e