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HYDROLOGY, RAINFALL-RUNOFF
RELATIONSHIPS
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION BY:
CASANAS, Dennichelle G.
GATTOC, Jessa S.
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URBAN HYDROLOGY
Urban hydrology is a science investigating the hydrological cycle and its change,
water regime and quality within the urbanized landscape and zones of its impact.
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Urban Hydrology
Urban Hydrology is a scientific and technical discipline
devoted to the study of relationships between
urbanization and the natural water cycle. It leads:
- to scientific studies related to the effects of
urbanization on weather and storms, on atmospheric
exchanges, on environmetal and sanitary impacts, etc
- to technical studies in order to control urban runoff
drainage, flooding risk, impacts on receiving waters
bodies, etc
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Development on the land changes how water naturally travels through the
watershed. With a natural ground cover about 50% of rainfall infiltrates into the
ground, 40% evaporates or is transpired through plants (these together are
called evapotranspiration), and only about 10% actually runs off the surface. As
we develop the land, we add structures onto the surface, such as roads, houses,
parking lots, sidewalks, and driveways. All of these are impervious surfaces:
water cannot pass through them as it can through soil, and so instead of the
water infiltrating, it is forced to either evaporate or run off.
The results of increased runoff and reduced groundwater are two-fold. First, the
large amount of extra runoff causes the streams to have much higher flows than
natural, and the flow rate increases much more rapidly and drops off more
rapidly after the storm. Second, due to the reduced infiltration volumes, there is
less water available to be released slowly into the stream over time, resulting in
lower water levels between rainfall events. In effect, much of the water that
under natural conditions infiltrated into the ground and slowly made its way into
nearby creeks now enters the stream all at once.
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GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY
*Worldwide, more than a third of all water used by humans comes from
ground water. In rural areas the percentage is even higher: more than half
of all drinking water worldwide is supplied from ground water.
Ground water
Water located beneath the earths surface in soil pore spaces and in the
fractures of rock formations.
The depth at which soil pore spaces of fractures and voids in rock
become completely saturated with water is called the water table.
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INTERMEDIATE ZONE
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CAPILLARY ZONE
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AQUIFER
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TYPES OF AQUIFER
*UNCONFINED AQUIFER:
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When water can flow directly between the surface and the saturated
zone of an aquifer, the aquifer is unconfined.
*CONFINED AQUIFER:
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ii)
Porosity
Specific yield
Permeability
vi) Transmissibility
POROSITY:
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the
void (i.e., "empty") spaces in a material, and
is a fraction of the volume of voids over the
total volume, between 01, or as a
Percentage between 0100%.
Porosity of surface soil typically decreases as particle size increases.
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SPECIFIC YIELD
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PERMEABILITY:
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Just as the porosity of a soil affects how much water it can hold, it also affects
how quickly water can flow through the soil.
The ability of water to flow through a soil is referred to as the soils permeability.
TRANSMISSIBILITY:
A measure of the ratio of the response amplitude of the system in steady-state
forced vibration to the excitation amplitude; the ratio may be in forces,
displacements, velocities, or accelerations.
The transmissibility of an unconfined aquifer depends upon the depth of the GWT.
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AQUICLUDE
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AQUIFUGE
AQUITARD
A bed of low permeability adjacent to an aquifer; may serve as a storage unit for
groundwater, although it does not yield water readily
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DARCYS LAW
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Where
i=hydraulic gradient
W=width of the aquifer
T=co.eff of transmissibility of the aquifer
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Typically any flow with a Reynolds number less than one is clearly
laminar, and it would be valid to apply Darcys
Re=(Vd)/
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DUPUITS ASSUMPTIONS
i) stabilized drawdown- i.e., the pumping has been continued for a
sufficiently long time at a constant rate, so that the equilibrium stage of
steady flow conditions have been reached.
ii) The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, of infinite areal extent and of
constant thickness i.e., constant permeability.
iii) complete penetration of the well (with complete screening of the
aquifer thickness) with 100% well efficiency.
iv) Flow lines are radial and horizontal and the flow is laminar i.e., Darcys
law is applicable.
v) The well is infinitely small with neglible storage and all the pumped
water comes from the aquifer.
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PUMPING TEST
The water level in the well is depressed to an amount equal to the safe
working head for the sub- soil.
The water level is kept constant by making the pumping rate equal to the
percolation into the well.
The quantity of water pumped in a known time gives an idea of the
probable yield of the well of the given diameter.
This test may be carried out in an existing open well.
Rate of seepage into the well = (volume of water pumped out volume of
stored in the well)/ time of pumping
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Type of precipitation
Rainfall intensity
if rainfall intensity greater than infiltration rate of the soil, the surface
runoff takes place very shortly, while in case of low intensity rainfall, there is
fund a reverse trend to the same. Thus, high intensities rainfall yield higher
runoff
Duration of rainfall
rainfall duration is directly related to the volume of runoff, due to the fact,
that infiltration rate of the soil goes on decreasing with the duration of
rainfall, till it attains a constant rate.
Rainfall distribution
Runoff from a watershed depends very much on the distribution of rainfall,
the rainfall distribution for this propose can be expressed by the term of
distribution coefficient, which my be defined as the ratio of max. rainfall at
appoint to the mean rainfall of the watershed. The greater value of the 7/17/16
distribution coeff., grater the peak runoff.
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Runoff Hydrograph
-Hydrograph is a graphical or tabular representation of
instantaneous runoff/discharge rate against time.
- A hydrograph represents the total runoff (direct + base flow),
occurring at a given time. It also shows the time distribution of total
runoff at a certain point of measurements. All hydrographs have
three characteristics region viz. rising limb, crest segment or peak
point and falling limb.
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Components of Hydrograph
Rising limb
Crest segment
Falling limb
-Climatic factor
of
-Physiographic factors
*Basin characteristics (shape, size, slope, nature of the valley,
elevation,
land use pattern, soil characteristics of the basin)
*Channel characteristics ( cross section of the channel, roughness of
the channel, storage capacity, drainage density)
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UNIT HYDROGRAPH
Computation of runoff using unit hydrograph:
If two identical rainfalls regarding their characteristics, take place
on a drainage basin having the same conditions prior to the rainfall,
the runoff hydrographs from the two storms would be expected to
be the same.
Sherman, 1932 investigate the unit hydrograph theory, which is
widely used for computing the flood or runoff volume for various
purposes. Unit hydrograph is defined as the direct runoff
hydrograph, produced by a rain of a unit duration, resulting the
effective rainfall depth as 1 cm which is uniformly distributed, over
the entire watershed area.
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Sources:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_ZFI2rW4aY
http://www.yemenwater.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Lecture-5.pdf
http://www.slideshare.net/Sandra4Smiley/ground-water-hydrology
http://www.ees.rochester.edu/ees217/EES217-06-Groundwater-%
20Lecture%202.pdf
http://groundwater.ucdavis.edu/files/156562.pdf
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