BAA1133

Mechanics of Materials

ANALYSIS
OF

STRESS STUDIES
1. Explain of the important
principles of statics
2. To determine the internal
resultant loadings in a body
3. Describe the concepts of normal
and shear stress
4. Analysis of members subjected
to an axial load or direct shear

STATICS
REVIEWS

EXTERNAL LOADS
1.Surface Forces
caused by direct
contact of other
bodys surface. In all
cases these forces
are distributed over
the area of contact
between the bodies
2.Body Forces other body exerts
a force without direct contact

EXTERNAL LOADS
1. Concentrated Forces
acts at a point. Any load
over a relatively small
area compared with the
size of the loaded
member
2.Distributed Load resultant forces
having a magnitude equal to the
area under the load diagram, and
having a location that passes
through the centroid of this area

SUPPORT REACTIONS
Surface forces develop
at the supports or
point of contact
between bodies are
called reactions
If the support prevent
translation in a give
direction, a force must
be developed on the
member in the same
direction. Likewise if
rotation is prevented a
moment must be
exerted

EQUATION OF
EQUILIBRIUM
Equilibrium of a body requires a
balance of forces and a balance of
moments
F 0
MO 0
For a body with x, y, z coordinate
F 0, F 0, F 0

system with
origin
O,
M 0, M 0, M 0
x

Best way to account for these forces

is to draw the bodys free-body
diagram

INTERNAL RESULTANT
LOADINGS

1. Used method of section

to determine the internal
resultant loadings acting
on the surface
2. It is requires that an
imaginary section or
cut be made through
the region where the
internal loadings are to
be determined

3. These resultants consists of a normal force,

shear force, torsional moment and bending
moment

INTERNAL RESULTANT
LOADINGS

Torsional
Moment. This
effect is developed
when the external
loads tend to
twist one segment
of the body with
respect to the
other

The bending moment

is caused by the
external loads that
tend to bend the
body about an axis
lying within the plane
of the area

Normal force acts

perpendicular to
the area. It is
developed whenever
the external loads
tend to push or pull
on the two segments
of the body

The shear force lies in

the plane of the
area and is developed
when the external
loads tend to cause
the two segments of
the body to slide
over one another

INTERNAL RESULTANT
LOADINGS

If the body is subjected to a coplanar system of

forces, then only normal force, shear and bending
moment components will exist at the section

PROCEDURE FOR
ANALYSIS
1- Support Reactions
Decide segment to be considered
Draw FBD
Apply static equation

2- Free Body Diagram

Draw FBD and indicate the unknown resultants N, V,
M and T normally placed at geometric center or
centroid
If coplanar system only N, V and M act at the
centroid
3Equations
Established
x, y of
andEquilibrium
axes
Moment should be summed at the section about
each of the coordinate axes where the resultant act

EXAMPLE 1

Determine the resultant internal loadings

acting on the cross section at C of the
beam shown in figure.

SOLUTION
Free body
Diagram

Distributed loading at C is found by

w 270
proportion,

w 180 N m
6

Magnitude of the resultant of the distributed lo

F

1
2

180 6 540 N

which acts 6 2m
1
3

from C

Applying the equations of equilibrium we have

Fx 0;
NC 0

Fy 0;
M C 0;

N C 0 (Ans)

VC 540 0
VC 540 (Ans)

M C 540 2 0
M C 1080 N m (Ans)

EXAMPLE 2
5
kN

3m
3
kN

1.2
m
1.2
m

200
mm
3 kN

Determine the resultant

internal normal force acting
on the cross section
through point A in each
column. In (a), segment BC
weighs 300 kg/m and
segment CD weighs
400kg/m. In (b), the
column has a mass of 200
kg/m.

SOLUTION
1. Reaction and FBD
2. Apply equilibrium
Fy 0;

3. with g = 9.81 m/s2

Fy 0;

FA - (wBC.g)L BC - (wCA.g)L CA - FB - 2FC 0

FA 24.5 kN

DISCUSSION

STRESS,
CONCEPT
AND
PRINCIPAL

CONCEPT
When a body subjected to an
external load is sectioned,
there is a distribution of
force acting over the
sectioned area which holds
each segment of the body in
equilibrium

CONCEPT

Simply describes as the intensity of the

internal force on a specific plane (area)
passing through a point.

CONCEPT
1. A cut out cubic
volume element
can represent the
state of stress
acting around the
chosen point in the
body.
2. The magnitude of these components
depends upon the type of loading acting
on the body, and the orientation of the
element at the point

NORMAL STRESS
The most fundamental types of
stress exists is the normal stress
(sigma)
2. The intensity of force acts
perpendicular or normal to the
cross section of the load-carrying
Fz
member
lim
1.

A0

AVERAGE NORMAL
STRESS

1.Prismatic bar made

homogenous and isotropic
material
2.Subjected to axial load acts
through the centroid of
cross sectioned area

3. Material within the bar is

subjected only to normal
stress
4. Assumed to be uniform or
averaged

AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS

force ( F )
stress, a ve
area A
One
that
tends
to
stretch
(elongate)
the member
and pull the
material
apart

Unit:
N/mm2 orthat
One
MPa

tends
to
crush the
material
of
the
loadcarrying
member
and
to
shorten
the
member
itself

AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS

EXAMPLE
Question:
The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10
mm. Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar
when it is subjected to the loading shown.

Solution:
By inspection, different sections have different
internal forces.

AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS

Graphically, the normal force diagram is as shown.

By inspection, the largest loading is in region BC,

PBC 30 kN

Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is

constant,
the largest average normal stress is
BC

PBC 30 103

85.7 MPa (Ans)

3510
A

SHEAR STRESS
The intensity of force or force per
unit area acts tangent to the
cross section of the load-carrying
member
2. Called shear stress, (tau)
1.

zx
zy

Fx
lim
A0 A
Fy
lim
A0 A

AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS

Average shear
stress (avg )
distributed over
each sectioned
area that
developed a shear
force V Unit:

avg

N/mm2 or
MPa

Internal
load, V

Stress,

SINGLE SHEAR STRESS

DOUBLE SHEAR STRESS

This type of joint is construct so that

two shear surfaces must be considered.
Its lowered applied shear stresses on
the bolt. Consequently , V = F/2 must
be considered whenVapplying

avg

AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS

EXAMPLE
Question:
The wooden strut shown in
figure is suspended from a
10-mm diameter steel rod
that is fastened to the wall.
With the loading as in figure,
compute the average shear
stress in the rod and along
the two shaded planes of the
strut, one of which is
indicated as abcd.

AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS

Solution:
With free-body diagram method, equilibrium of static
was applied so that we come with shear force applied
on material plane.

AVERAGE ON PLANE
STRESS

AVERAGE ON PLANE
STRESS

ALLOWABLE STRESS
1. A factor of safety is needed to
obtained allowable load
F .S

F fail
Fallow

2. The factor of safety (F.S.) is a

ratio of the failure load divided by
the allowable

load

F .S

fail

allow

F .S

fail

allow

ALLOWABLE STRESS
EXAMPLE

Question:
The two members are pinned together at B as shown
in Fig 1-31a. If the pin have an allowable
allowable shear
90 MPa stress
115 MPa
of
and the allowable
tensile stress
of th rod CB is
, determine to the
nearest mm the smallest diameter of pins A and
Band the diameter of road CB necessary to support
the load.
t allow

ALLOWABLE STRESS
Solution:
With free-body diagram method, equilibrium of static
was applied so that we can computed the reaction at
A and B as shown in fig.

ALLOWABLE STRESS

Double
shear

AA

VA

allowable
dA

31.56 mm 2 d A 6.3 mm

VB

allowable
dB

(5.68 / 2) kN
6
2

31
.
56

10
m
90 103 kPA

Single shear A
B

6.67 kN
6
2

74
.
11

10
m
90 103 kPA

74.11 mm 2 d B 9.7 mm

d A 7 mm

d B 10 mm

ALLOWABLE STRESS
Diameter of rod is required throughout its mid
section

ABC

P
( t ) allowable
d BC

6.67 kN
6
2

58

10
m
115 103 kPA

58 mm 2 d BC 8.59 mm
d BC 9 mm

BEARING STRESS
P P
b
A td
1. Bolts, rivets, and
pins create
stresses on the
points of contact or
bearing surfaces of
the members they
connect

PROBLEM EXAMPLE
Two horinzontal 20 kN
forces are applied to pin B
of the assembly shown.
Knowing that a pin of 20
mm is used at each
connection,
determine
the maximum value of
the average normal stress
(a) in link AB,
(b) 90
inMPa
link
allowable
AC. And if the pins have
(c) can pin C stand the
loading

PROBLEM EXAMPLE
Solution:
With free-body diagram.

PROBLEM EXAMPLE

c ) AA

VA

allowable

dA

(34.8 / 2) kN
6
2

193
.
33

10
m
90 103 kPA

193.33 mm 2 d A 15.68 mm

DISCUSSION

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