Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Screw thread
and
Gear measurement
Types of thread
External thread: a thread formed on
outside of a work piece is known as
external thread.
Example: on bolts or studs etc.
Internal thread: a thread formed on
inside of a work piece is known as
internal thread.
Example: on a nut
Terminology of screw
threads
Screw Thread
terminology
EXTERNAL THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Pitch
Crest
Flank
Pitch line
Thread
Angle
Addendum
Flank
angle
Axial thickness
Root
Axis of thread
Major dia Pitch dia
Minor dia
Dedendum
BC=pitch
Screw Thread
terminology
Crest : crest is the prominent part of the thread i.e ,
top surface joining the two sides of thread
Root: Root is the bottom of the groove between the
sides of two adjacent threads.
Flank: The straight surface between the crest and root
which connects the crest with the root is called the
flank
. The distance from a point on a screw thread to
Pitch:
a corresponding point on the next thread measured
parallel to the axis.
Lead: The distance a screw thread advances in one
turn. For a single start threads, lead=pitch,
For double start, lead=2xpitch, & so on.
Screw Thread
terminology
Major
Screw Thread
terminology
Screw Thread
terminology
Thread angle(Included
angle ): Included
angle between sides of thread measured in
axial plane.
Flank angle(/2): Angle made by the flank
of a thread with the perpendicular to the
thread axis is called flank angle. It is half the
included angle of the thread.
Helix angle(): On a straight thread, the
helix angle is the angle made by the helix of
the thread at the pitch line with the axis. Helix
angle is complementary of lead angle.
Tan = p/d, where p=pitch, d=mean
Screw Thread
thread:
It is the distance between
terminology
Depth of
crest and root measured perpendicular to axis
of screw.
Addendum: It is the distance between the
crest and the
pitch line measured
perpendicular to axis of the screw.
Dedendum: It is the distance between the
pitch line & the root measured perpendicular
to axis of the screw.
Errors in threads
There are 5 important elements of a thread,
and errors in any one of these may cause
rejection.
1.Major diameter
2.Minor diameter
3.Effective diameter
4.Pitch
5.Angle of thread
4.Pitch
Error
Tan =
p/d
5.Angle
error
MEASUREMENT OF VARIOUS
ELEMENTS OF THREAD
To find out the accuracy of a screw
thread it will be necessary to measure
the following:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Major diameter.
Minor diameter.
Effective or Pitch diameter.
Pitch
Angle of thread
Measurement of effective
diameter
Thread micrometer
Thread micrometer
method
It has special: contacts to suit the screw thread form that is to
be checked. In this micrometer, the end of the spindle is
pointed to the Vee-thread form with a corresponding Veerecess in the fixed anvil.
If correctly adjusted, this micrometer gives the pitch
diameter.
For correct results it is necessary to use a separate thread
micrometer for every size of screw thread to be gauged,
otherwise there will always be a small amount of error
inherent in thread micrometer.
This is the only method which shows the variation for the
drunken thread.
P= constant, which depends on the dia. of wire and pitch of the thread=2 AQ
p= pitch
E= M - 2d + 2AQ or M= E+2d-2AQ
M=E+2h+2r
M= E+2d-2AQ in 2 wire
So, d =h+ r + AQ
H P
Assume
H DE cot cot
and CD cot
2 2
2
2 4
2 CD=H/2
P
d
Further h ( AD CD ) cosec cot
2 4
2
2
Distance over the wires, M E 2h 2r
P
Or M E d 1 cosec cot
2
2
2
Pitch line
B
P/2
The best size wire is the one which makes contact at the pitch line
or effective diameter of the screw thread. In other words, as shown in fig OB
is perpendicular to flank portion of the thread at the pitch line.
AB
AB
OB
AB
AB
OB
AB sec .
cos
sin 90 -
2
2
1
But OB radius of wire dia of best size wire (D b )
2
P
i.e. D b 2 OB 2 AB sec . Also since AB lies on the pitch line, AB
2
4
where P is the pitch of the thread.
P
P
D b 2 sec sec
4
2 2
2
Pitch measurement
Very important than effective
diameter
The most commonly used methods for
measuring the pitch are
1.Tool makers microscope
2.Pitch measuring machine(Pitter and
Matrix)
3.Screw pitch gauge or profile gauge
4.Profile projector
Optical head
Column
work table
with carriage
Hollow base
Lamp
Collimator lens
Mirror
Base
Pitch measuring
machine(Pitter)
Profile Projector
Measurement of major
diameter
Ordinary micrometer:
The ordinary micrometer is quite suitable for
measuring the external major diameter.
It is first adjusted for appropriate cylindrical size
(S) having the same diameter
(approximately).This process is known as gauge
setting .
After taking this reading R the micrometer is
set on the major diameter of the thread, and the
new reading is R2
Measurement by Bench
micrometer:
Clamp
Fiducial
Indicator
Measuring
Anvils
Supports
Holding centres
Micrometer head
BENCH MICROMETER
Measurement by Bench
micrometer:
For getting the greater accuracy the bench micrometer is
used for measuring the major diameter.
In this process the variation in measuring Pressure, pitch
errors are being neglected.
The fiducial indicator is used to ensure all the
measurements are made at same pressure.
The instrument has a micrometer head with a vernier scale
to read the accuracy of 0.002mm. Calibrated setting cylinder
having the same diameter as the major diameter of the
thread to be measured is used as setting standard.
After setting the standard, the setting cylinder is held
between the anvils and the reading is taken
Measurement by Bench
micrometer:
Then the cylinder is replaced by the threaded work piece and
the new reading is taken
Measurement by Bench
micrometer:
Measurement by Bench
micrometer:
Holding centre
Measuring anvil
Measuring anvil
Screw Thread
Standard Cylinder
Holding centre
Measurement of Minor
diameter
Measurement of Minor
diameter
Measurement of Minor
diameter
The threaded work piece is mounted between the
centres of the instrument and the V pieces are placed
on each side of the work piece and then the reading is
noted.
After taking this reading the work piece is then
replaced by a standard reference cylindrical setting
gauge.
Measurement of Minor
diameter of Internal
threads:
The Minor diameter of Internal
threads are measured by
1. Using taper parallels
2. Using Rollers.
Measurement of Minor
diameter of Internal
threads:
1. Using taper parallels:
For diameters less than 200mm the use of Taper
parallels and micrometer is very common.
The taper parallels are pairs of wedges having
reduced and parallel outer edges.
The diameter across their outer edges can be
changed by sliding them over each other.
Measurement of Minor
diameter of Internal
Using rollers: threads:
For more than 200mm diameter this method
is used. Precision rollers are inserted inside the
thread and proper slip gauge is inserted
between the rollers.
The minor diameter is then the length of slip
gauges plus twice the diameter of roller.
GEAR MEASUREMENT
A gear is a component within a transmission device that
transmits rotational force to another gear or device
When two spur gears of different sizes mesh together, the
larger gear is called a wheel, and the smaller gear is called a
pinion.
TYPES OF GEARS
1. According to the position of axes of the shafts.
a. Parallel
1.Spur Gear
2.Helical Gear
3.Rack and Pinion
b. Intersecting
Bevel Gear
c. Non-intersecting and Non-parallel
Worm and worm gears
Parallel
1.SPUR GEAR
Teeth is parallel to axis of rotation
Transmit power from one shaft to another parallel shaft
2.Helical Gear
The teeth on helical gears are cut at an angle to the face of the
gear
This gradual engagement makes helical gears operate much
more smoothly and quietly than spur gears
Forms of Teeth
In actual practice following are the two types of teeth
commonly used
1. Involute teeth.
2. Cycloidal teeth
A key parameter is the pitch circle, which indicates where the teeth should mesh,
and is used in calculating the Center Distance. The Pressure angle indicates
the angle at which the contact force between gear teeth occur.
Pc = m, m= module
A little consideration will show that the two gears will
mesh together correctly, if the two wheels have the
same circular pitch.
Note : If D1 and D2 are the diameters of the two
meshing gears having the teeth T1 and T2
respectively, then for them to mesh correctly,
The addendum circle is that which contains the tops of the teeth and its
diameter is the outside or blank diameter.
The dedendum or root circle is that which contains the bottoms of the
tooth spaces and its diameter is the root diameter.
Circular tooth thickness is measured on the tooth around the pitch circle,
that is, it is the length of an arc.
Circular pitch is the distance from a point on one tooth to the
corresponding point on the next tooth, measured around the pitch circle.
The module is the pitch circle diameter divided by the number of teeth.
The Diametrical pitch is the number of teeth per inch of pitch circle
diameter. This is a ratio.
The pitch point is the point of contact between the pitch circles of two
gears in mesh.
The line of action: Contact between the teeth of meshing gears takes place
along a line tangential to the two base circles. This line passes through
the pitch point and is called the line of action.
The pressure angle: The angle between the line of action and the common
tangent to the pitch circles at the pitch point is the pressure angle.
The tooth face is the surface of a tooth above the pitch circle, parallel to
the axis of the gear.
The tooth flank is the tooth surface below the pitch circle, parallel to the
axis of the gear. If any part of the flank extends inside the base circle it
cannot have involute form. It may have ant other form, which does not
interfere with mating teeth, and is usually a straight radial line.
Draw the pitch circle, diameter D, about the centre of the gear,O. This is shown in red.
Draw the outside diameter (green) by drawing a circle about O with a radius greater than
the pitch circle by the value of the addendum.
Draw the root diameter (light blue) by drawing a circle about O with a radius smaller than
the pitch circle by the value of the dedendum.
Pressure Angle
This instrument has 3 tips. One is the fixed measuring tip, other
one is the sensitive tip whose position can be adjusted by a
screw and the further movement of it is transmitted through a
leverage system to the dial indicator; and the third tip is the
supplementary adjustable stop which is meant for the stability of
the instrument and its position can also be adjusted by a screw.
The distance between the fixed and sensitive tip is set to be
equivalent to the base pitch of the gear with the help of slip
gauges.
The properly set-up instrument is applied to the gear so that all
the three tips contact the tooth profile.
The reading on dial indicator is the error in the base pitch
(distance from one face of a tooth to the corresponding face of
an adjacent tooth on the same gear, measured along the base
circle)
2.Pitch comparator
Two dial gauges on adjacent teeth with the gear mounted in
centres.
The gear is indexed through successive pitches to give a
constant reading on dial A.
Any change in the reading on dial B indicates that pitch errors
are present.
The actual error can be determined by deducting the individual
reading on dial B from the mean of the readings.
Pitch comparator
Accuracy:0.05mm
- One of the benefits using a caliper is that the gear does not
have to be removed from the machine
- The caliper consists of two adjustable verniers, that
reference two dimensions on the gear and provide a
measurement
- Vertical scale: Measures the depth of the teeth from the top
of the pitch line
- Horizontal scale: This is used to measure the Chordal
Thickness of the gear tooth
PROCEDURE:
For finding PCD, module, addendum, dedendum and clearance:
1. First find the blank diameter, OD by a vernier caliper and also count the
number of teeth T of the spur gear.
2. Next calculate pitch circle diameter D=(TxOD)/(T+2)
3. Find addendum, clearance, pitch, module and dedendum as per the
formulae given in the theory.
FOR CHORDAL TOOTH THICKNESS (using gear tooth calliper):
1. Set the chordal depth (addendum) on the vertical slide of the gear tooth
vernier and then insert the jaws of the instrument on the tooth to be
measured.
2. Adjust the horizontal vernier slide by the fine adjusting screw so that
the jaws just touch the tooth.
3. Read the horizontal vernier slide and note the reading. It gives the
chordal thickness of tooth.
4. Repeat the observations for the different teeth.
5. Compare the values of different characteristics with the standard value
and set the percentage error.
OBSERVATION:
1. Least count of caliper= 0.02mm
2. Number of teeth= 40
CALCULATIONS:
1. Pitch circle diameter, D=(TxOD)/(T+2)=
2. module, m=D/T mm=
3. Addendum=m=
4. Dedendum=m+0.157m=