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Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the trainees should be able to:
Define and differentiate the following:
Atom
Element
Molecule
Compound
Introduction
Electricity is a fundamental entity of
nature.
It consists mainly of negatively and
positively charged particles commonly
found in the atom.
Through man-made influence and
natural phenomena, it is possible to
observe how the electron (negatively
charged) and the proton (positively
charged) interact magnetically.
2
The Theory
Matter is anything that has weight
and occupies space.
Examples of matter are air, water,
automobiles, clothing, and even our
own bodies.
Matter can be found in any one of
three states: solid, liquid, and
gaseous.
3
MOLECULES
MOLECULE
ATOM
MOLECULE
ATOM
Elements and
Compounds
Elements and
Compounds
A compound is a chemical
combination of elements that can
be separated by chemical but not
by physical means.
Examples of common compounds
are water (hydrogen and oxygen)
and table salt (sodium and
chlorine).
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REMEMBER
One rule that is very prevalent in all forms
of electricity, and also magnetism, is that
like charges, or poles, repel and unlike
charges, poles, will attract.
--
--
--
+
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Composition of Atoms
Atoms are composed of :
Nucleus at the center
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Composition of Atoms
Atoms are composed of :
Nucleus at the center which consists of
protons (+) charge
+ +
PROTONS
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Composition of Atoms
Atoms are composed of :
Nucleus at the center which consists of
protons (+) charge and neutrons which has
no charge.
+ +
NEUTRONS
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Composition of Atoms
Atoms are composed of :
Nucleus at the center which consists of
protons (+) charge and neutrons which has
no charge.
Electrons orbiting the nucleus
--
--
ELECTRONS
+ +
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Electron
The electron is a fundamental sub-atomic
particle which carries a negative electric charge
Within an atom the electrons surround the
nucleus of protons and neutrons in an electron
configuration.
In our study of electricity, we are particularly
interested in the electrons in the outermost shell
called valence electron.
The movement of valence electrons from one
atom to another atom produces electric current .
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Valence Electron
INSULATOR
Valence Electron
CONDUCTOR
Valence Electron
A material that is neither a
SEMICONDUCTOR conductor or an insulator is called a
semiconductor.
A semiconductor will have 4
valence electrons and as they are
heated they conduct more
electricity.
The main semiconductor materials
used are silicon and germanium.
A pure semiconductor material
cannot be used to construct a
device, so it is mixed or 'doped'
with an impurity.
If water was absolutely pure, with
no impurities, it would be an
insulator.
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SEMICONDUCTOR
Ionization
The process by which an atom loses or gains
electrons.
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Positive Ion
--
CLICK THE
MOUSE
ONCE TO
IONIZE THIS
COPPER
ATOM.
--
---
--
Cu
---
+29
--
---
---
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
Negative Ion
--
CLICK THE
MOUSE
ONCE TO
IONIZE THIS
COPPER
ATOM.
----
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
+ 29
--
--
---
--
---
--
---
---
Cu
--
--
--
---
--
Motion of electrons in a
conductor
NO APPLIED FORCE
Electromotive Force
Is the measure of push on each electron which
makes the electron move.
Emf is the potential difference, or voltage,
between the terminals of a source of electricity.
Electromotive force is usually measured in volts .
The symbol for volts is V.
6 V.
e
e
E
24
Voltage
The term potential difference and voltage are often
used interchangeably to mean the push, thus
you may see the term electromotive force (EMF)
When writing voltages in electrical formulas, the
letter E is used to symbolize voltage or potential
difference, while the letter V is more commonly
used to abbreviate the unit of voltage on volts.
Potential difference always involve two points. If a
potential difference exist between two points and a
conductor is placed between them, current will
flow.
25
Sources of Electricity
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Sources of Electricity
Chemical energy
Voltage is produced by chemical reaction in a
battery cell.
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Sources of Electricity
Electromagnetism
Voltage is produced in a conductor when the
conductor moves through a magnetic field, or a
magnetic field moves through the conductor so
that the magnetic lines of force of the field are
cut.
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Sources of Electricity
Light (photoelectricity)
Voltage is produced by light striking
photosensitive (light sensitive) substances.
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Sources of Electricity
Pressure (piezoelectricity)
Voltage is produced by squeezing crystals of
certain substances.
30
Sources of Electricity
Pressure (piezoelectricity)
Voltage is produced by squeezing crystals of
certain substances.
31
Sources of Electricity
Heat (thermoelectricity)
Voltage is produced by heating the joint (junction)
where two unlike metals are joined.
32
VOLTAGE OUTPUTS OF
SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
1.Battery - Direct Current DC
2.Generators - Alternating Current
AC
3.Solar Cell Photovoltaic (PV) DC
4.Piezoelectric DC
5.Thermoelectric - DC
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Battery
34
+
+
Battery
35
Current
It is the movement of electrons in a particular
direction as pushed by an electromotive force.
Movement of electrons = Current
The symbol for current is I
The strength of current is measured in
Amperes represented by A or Amps.
A current flowing in a single direction is called
a direct current (d.c.)
When the direction of flow of current is
continually reversing, it is called an alternating
current (a.c.)
36
37
Direct Current
Is a steady current flowing in a single
direction
e e
e
+
Battery
38
39
Alternating Current
Is when the direction of flow of current is
continually reversing
A.C. Generator
40
41
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Summary
PROPERTIES OF
CRYSTAL
Some substances, when in solid state, will have a
molecular structure termed crystalline
A crystalline structure is one in which the atoms
or molecules take up precise positions in a
geometric form of lattice
The structure of a solid substances which do not
have a symmetric arrangement of their atoms or
molecules is termed amorphous
Some crystalline substances the imperfections in
the molecular structure will confer additional
properties on the materials, such as
luminescence, chemical effects or electrical
effects
Crystals of substances
which exhibit electrical
properties due to
imperfections in their
molecular structure are
termed semiconductor
Examples of
semiconductors are:
Germanium, Silicon
One important electrical
property of all
semiconductors such as
Ge & Si is that a reduction
in resistance with
increase in temperature
are said to have a
negative temperature
coefficient.
Problems-Calculation
1. How much energy in Joules is required to move a
charge
of 6 coulomb through a difference in
potential of 3 Volts?
2. How many Joules does a 40-watt light bulb
consume in 1
Day?
3. Find the current flow through a light bulb from a
steady
movement of
a.
b.
60 C in 4 sec.
15 C in 2 min.