Computer Hardware

I.T. Module 3
By: Toche Vic B. Doce, BSN, RN, CAR-MAN

Nurses Tools in Life

Forceps to remind you to pick up the good
qualities of others.
Stethoscope to remind you to listen and be
sensitive.
Tourniquet to remind you to be flexible, things
might not always go the way you want , but it
will work out.
Bandage to remind you to heal hurt feelings
yours or someone else.

Nurses Tools in Life

Ballpen to remind you to list your blessings
everyday.
Thermometer to remind you to control your
temper.
Plaster to remind you to stick with God and
you can accomplish anything.

GOOD MORNING!!!!!!!

Computer
a special machine that performs task, such as
calculations, data processing and handling,
electronic communication etc., under the control
of a set of instructions called a program.
Programs usually reside within the computer
and are retrieved and processed by the
computers electronics system.

When a computer is turned on, it searches for

instructions in its memory. These instructions tell
the computer how to start up and process a
specific task. Usually, one of the first sets of these
instructions is a special program called the
Operating System, which is the software that
makes the computer work.

Operating System
prompts the user (or other machines) for input and
commands, reports the results of these commands and
other operations, stores and manages data, and
controls the sequence of the software and hardware
actions.
Information from an input device or from the
computers memory is communicated via the bus to the
central processing unit (CPU), which is the part of the
computer that translates commands and runs programs.

Central Processing Unit

is a microprocessor chip that is, a single piece of
silicone containing millions of tiny, microscopically wired
electrical components.
Information is stored in a CPU memory location called a
register. Registers can be thought of as the CPUs tiny
scratchpad, temporarily storing instructions or data.
When a program is running, one special register called
program counter keeps track of which program
instruction comes next by maintaining the memory
location of the next program instruction to be executed.

Four Main Functions of a Computer

Accepts data
Processes data
Produces output
Stores results

A computer can do billions of actions per

second. Failures are usually due to human error,
one way or another. A computer can keep huge
amounts of data.

RANGE OF COMPUTER ABILITY

Programmable computers vary enormously in their computational
power, speed, memory and physical size. E.g. tablet PCs, PDA, hand-held
game devices (also called small computers)
Portables laptop/notebook computers and desktop PCs are typically
used in businesses and at home to communicate on computer networks,
for word processing, to track finances, and for entertainment.
Workstations similar to PCs but have greater memory and more
extensive mathematical abilities. E.g. scientific, industrial and business
environments such as PSE
Mainframe computers have more memory, speed and capabilities than
workstations and are usually shared by multiple users through a series of
interconnected computers. The most powerful mainframe computers,
called supercomputers, process complex and time-consuming
calculations, such as those used to create weather predictions.

Main Components of a Typical Computer

Central processing unit (CPU) the microprocessor brain of the computer
system. Everything that a computer does is overseen by the CPU.
Memory this is very fast storage used to hold data. There are several specific
types of memory in a computer:
Random-access memory (RAM) used to temporarily store information
that the computer is currently working with
Read-only memory (ROM) a permanent type of memory storage used by
the computer for important data that does not change
Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) a type of ROM that is used by the
computer to establish basic communication when the computer is first turned
on
Caching the storing of frequently used data in extremely fast RAM that
connects directly to the CPU
Virtual memory space on a hard disk used to temporarily store data and
swap it in and out of RAM as needed.

Main Components of a Typical Computer

Motherboard this is the main circuit board that all of the other internal
components connect to. The CPU and memory are usually on the motherboard.
Other systems may be found directly on the motherboard or connected to it
through a secondary connection. Example a soundcard connected through PCI.
Power supply an electrical transformer that regulates the electricity used by
the computer
Hard disk this is large-capacity permanent storage used to hold information
such as programs and documents
Operating system the basic software that allows the user to interface with the
computer
Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) Controller the primary interface for the
hard drive, CD-ROM and floppy disk drive
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus the most common way to
connect additional components to the computer, PCI uses a series of slots on
the motherboard that PCI cards plug into

Main Components of a Typical Computer

SCSI pronounced as scuzzy, the small computer system
interface, is a method of adding additional devices, such as
hard drives or scanners, to the computer.
AGP Accelerated Graphics Port is a very high-speed
connection used by the graphics card to interface with the
computer
Sound Card this is used by the computer to record and
play audio by converting analog sound into digital
information and back again
Graphics Card this translates image data from the
computer into a format that can be displayed by the monitor

Types of Computers
Analog computers
Digital computers

Basic Computer Terminologies

Cursor is a visual indicator (usually represented as a blinking line in text
programs or as an arrow) on the screen that lets you know where your mouse is
positioned. The cursor allows you to insert text where you wish, or to select existing
items to be deleted, copied or modified in some way.
Desktop the view on the monitor that you usually see after starting the computer
and after the Windows screen has loaded. It displays your icons and shortcuts.
Drive any part of the computer where disks reside and operate, temporarily or
permanently.
Monitor the screen on which you see your work, whether in color, grayscale or
black and white. Color monitors can show from 16 to over a million different colors.
The other important setting in monitors is the resolution. The resolution of a
monitor indicates how densely packed the pixels (colored dots that make up an
image) are.

Basic Computer Terminologies

CPU or processor a CPU or central processing unit, also known as just a processor, is
the brain of a computer. This does all the binary calculations to make programs run.
Hard drive or Hard disk a hard drive is a special storage device on a computer that
contains all the information needed to operate a computer, including programs, data
created by a computer user, and the operating system. A hard drive is sometimes
referred to as a hard disk.
RAM referred to as simply computer memory. This is where the computer does
short-term tasks. When a program runs, a copy of it moves off the hard drive and into
the processor. Then, when the processor wants to accomplish special calculations or do
specific tasks, it sends the task to the memory where calculations are made. When thats
done, the task is wiped out of RAM.
ROM in which information is saved once and can never be, altered. For example, CDROM drives read information saved on compact disks (CDs). A CD-ROM drive can read
that information, but cannot make changes to it, for that you need CD-RW drive.

Basic Computer Terminologies

CD-ROM Drive A CD-ROM is a computer drive that reads Compact Disks similar to the
ones you can play on a stereo. CD-ROM means Compact Disk Read Only Memory. A CDROM drive can read either audio Compact Disks (CDs) or data Compact Disks. Data Compact
Disks can contain computer programs and data. This information is recorded as tiny pits on
the surface of the CD. A laser is used to read these pits and converts these into ones and zeros
(binary information), which is used by the computer. Normally, when you buy a program from
a computer store, it comes on a CD.
Hardware the physical components of a computer, including cables, the keyboard, the CPU,
monitor
Peripherals devices connected to a computer which arent part of the main machine. E.g.
mouse, speakers, keyboards, printers, scanners, etc.
Monitor or Display this is the television-like screen where the results of a computers task
are displayed. Monitors come in all sizes, but most commonly they are either 15 or 17 inches.
Mouse it is a device that is used to control the computer. It is normally a teardrop shaped
gadget with buttons at one end. When the muse is moves on a pad, called a mouse pad, the
cursor on the screen moves.

Basic Computer Terminologies

Keyboard contains all the letters of the alphabet and numbers one through nine. It
operates like typewriter keypad, but instead of moving an arm, which strikes the paper,
it sends an electronic impulse to the computer, which displays a character on the
monitor.
Floppy Drive or Floppy Disk a floppy drive is a part of the computer that can read and
record onto a special disk, referred to as a floppy disk. The actual drive is a little bigger
than half a piece of bread, but you will only see it as a lit in the front of the computer.
File/document any single item created with an application, this can be anything that
is saved to your computer, such as a paper, spreadsheet, pictures, sounds, and
downloaded programs.
Gig refers to the amount of memory or space, when used to describe data storage.
One gig or gigabyte is equal to 1,024 megabytes. Gigabyte is often abbreviated as G or
GB. (1 MB is equal to 1,048,576 bytes, megabyte is often abbreviated as M or MB)

Basic Computer Terminologies

Icons pictures that are shortcuts to programs or files. By clicking on a icon, you start the program or
open the file.
Operating System (OS) this term refers to the software that your computer uses to operate and not to a
manufacturer or company. Windows 2000. Windows XP, Windows 7, OSX Mac are common platforms
Software also called an application, this is any information a computer uses to perform a task; also, any
information saved on a disk.
Windows this term can be confusing. The same tern refers to several different things. One is a graphic
way of displaying information on a screen, in windows, that allow you to view the contents of each
window as if they are loose packages on a desk that can be shuffled around. Windows are very useful
because they can be opened, closed, stacked, sorted, resized and moved, so you can move very quickly
from one application or file to another.
A second thing that Windows refers to is a series of operating systems sold by the Microsoft Corporation
called Windows ____. These are operating systems that show information in a graphic interface
format, complete with icons, mouse cursor, etc. Finally, applications are sold that call themselves
windows-based. This means they work within a windows environment or operating system.

HARDWARE
The parts of computer itself including the CPU
and related microchips and micro-circuitry,
keyboards, monitors, case and drives (floppy,
hard, DVD, optical, tape, etc) Other extra parts
called peripheral component or devices include
mouse, printers, scanners, etc. Together, they are
often referred to as a personal computer or PC.
CPU, keyboard, disk drives, mouse, monitors,
printers, modem, scanners/digital cameras, case,
cards, cables, memory

Types of Computer as to Use (General Performance Level)

1. Personal or Micro, Workstation

2. Server actually refers to a computers function
rather than to a specific kind of computer. A
server runs a network of computers. It handles
the sharing of equipment like printers and the
communication between computers on the
network.
3. Processing special ability of a computer to
perform calculations, comparisons, decisions

DATABASE
A database is a collection of data you want to
manage, rearrange, and add to later. It is a good
program to use to manage lists that are not
entirely numbers, such as addresses and phone
numbers, inventories, and membership rosters.

Types of Database
Flat Database
The earliest and simplest databases
A spreadsheet can work as a flat database. Each field is in a separate
column and each row is a single record.
Text Database
Is a plain text file where the fields are separated by a particular character
like a vertical bar (l) or a comma (,) or a semi-colon (;)
Relational Database
Microsoft Access and Oracle and other relational databases are more
advanced and more efficient.
This kind of database uses set of tables which are linked together. Using a
well-designed relational database can greatly reduce the amount of data
you must enter each time you add a record. For large numbers of records, a
relational database can search through the records faster.

 Queries you often want to look at just part of the data in a

database. You can reorder or filter your data using Structural Query
Language (SQL).
Paint programs work with pictures on a pixel-by-pixel basis, where
a pixel is the smallest dot on the screen. Such programs handle
photographs and most clipart. MS Paint is this type of program.
Drawing programs, on the other hand, define images in terms of
vectors, that is, equations that describe geometric shapes.
Fortunately, the user doesnt have to do the math. Drawing objects in
MS Office are vector images.
FTP or File Transfer Protocol program manages the moving of files
between the computers. When you download a file over the internet,
you are using an FTP program. Programs like word processors and
HTML editors that can upload files to websites include this ability
without having to use another program.

 Chat in a chat program, you join a chat room. You write messages that appear in
a window that shows all the messages being sent in this chat room. Everyone who
is logged in to this room can read your messages.
E-mail or electronic mail is becoming more popular as people learn to
communicate again with written words. For many purposes, it is superior to a
phone call because you dont have to catch the person in and you can get straight to
the point. Email is superior to the traditional office memo because it uses no paper
and it can be sent to a whole list of people instantly.
Instant messaging this program notifies you when your friends are online.
Then, you can send them messages which they see immediately. Recent versions of
instant messaging include the ability to use video conferencing, to play games
together with your friends, and even to make phone calls over the internet.
Project management when you have a group of people working together on a
complex project, you need a way to manage all details. A project management
program, like Microsoft Project 2000, tracks all the people, tasks, and deadlines in
a major project. By linking to the personal scheduling programs of the people
involved, the project management program can see when meetings can be
arranged by looking at everyones scheduled events.

 PIM Programs (Personal Information Management)

are a special kind of database. A PIM will normally
include an address book, a calendar to schedule activities
and appointments, and to-do list where you list chores,
calls to make and various things to do.
Contact Manager an advanced PIM may be called a
Contact Manager. Such a program is optimized to make it
easy to track who you have talked to or met with and what
you did or said. A contact manager automatically links a
name in the address book to names in the calendar.
Clicking on the name in the calendar brings up the full
contact information, including fields for notes about what
you did and reminders for what you need to do after the
meeting or conversation.

Types of Input
Data is the raw facts given to the computer.
Programs are the sets of instructions that
direct the computer. Commands are special
codes or key words that the user inputs to
perform a task like run Accounts. These can be
selected from a menu of commands like Open
on the file menu. They may also be chosen by
clicking on a command button.

The Keyboard
The first input device we will look is the keyboard. The
keyboard is used to type information into the
computer or input information. There are many
different keyboard layouts and sizes with the most
common for Latin-based languages being the
QWERTY layout (named after the first 6 keys). The
standard keyboard has 101 keys. Notebooks have
embedded keys accessible by special keys or by
pressing key combinations (CTRL or Command and P
for example). Ergonomically designed keyboards are
designed to make typing easier.

Keyboard Symbols
The following chart displays the character
symbols, name, Latin-1 number on a standard
keyboard in their approximate position on the
keyboard. Most characters from any Roman
based language can be created on any computer
using the American Standard Code for
Information Interchange or ASCII. Most
computers and software also recognized
American National Standards Institutes (ANSI)
formatting standards as well.

Exclamation point

At

Number

Dollar

Percent

Caret

&

Ampersand

Asterisk

Open or Left
Parenthesis

Close or Right
Parenthesis

Underscore or
Horizontal Bar

Dash or Hyphen

Plus

Equals

Open or Left Curly

Brace

Close or Right Curly

Brace

Open or Left Square

Bracket

Close or Right
Square Bracket

Vertical Bar

Reverse Solidus or
Backslash

Colon

Semi-Colon

Quote

Apostrophe or Single
Quote

<

>

Less Than

Comma

Greater Than

Dot, Period or Full

Stop

Question Mark

Solidus or Forward
Slash

Tide

Acute

 Alphabet keys the letters of the alphabet and some punctuation marks
are in these three rows. The order of the keys is called QWERTY from
the order of the keys on the top row.
Alt the Alt key doesnt do anything by itself. But if you hold it down
while pressing another key, the effect of that key may be different from
usual. Exactly what will happen will depend on what program is
running at the time.
Arrow keys these four keys are used to move the cursor on the screen.
The up and down arrows move the cursor up or down one line. The left
and right arrows move the cursor one character.
Backspace this key erases the character on the left of the cursor and
moves the cursor that direction, too.
Caps Lock when the Caps Lock key is on, pressing any alphabetic key
will result in an upper case (capital) letter. The number and symbol keys
are not affected. Watch out this is different from typewriters.

 Control the control key does nothing all by itself. It must be

pressed in combination with other keys. When used in combination,
the control key changes the normal effect of a key. Exactly what will
happen depends on the software in use at the time.
Delete this key is used to erase the character just to the right of the
cursor. Any text beyond the erased character is moved to the left.
End this is a navigation key. It will send the cursor to the end of
the current line.
Enter this key is used in several ways. In word processing, it acts
like the return key on a typewriter by starting a new line. It is also
used in place of a mouse click with buttons and drop-down menus.
Escape the escape key is used to cancel actions in progress before
they finish. It is also used to close certain dialog boxes.

 Function keys the function keys are numbered F1, F2, F3, F12.
These are programmable keys. That is, programs can assign
actions to these keys. So the same key might produce different
results in different programs.
Home the home key is a navigation key for the cursor. It will
move the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
Insert the insert key is a toggle key. That is, repeatedly pressing
it will alternate between two effects.
Typing overtypes characters already there
Typing inserts characters in between the characters that are already
there.

Numeric keypad when the Num Lock key is on, these keys are
used to enter numbers as with an adding machine. When the Num
Lock key is off, they keys act as navigation keys using the alternate
markings on each key.

 Minus when Num Lock is on, the minus key performs subtraction on
the numbers entered. When Num Lock is off, the minus key will type a
hyphen like this -.
Number/Symbol keys on this row of keys, you will see two characters,
one at the top of the key and one at the bottom. The upper character is a
symbol and is accessed by holding the Shift key down while pressing the
key. Numbers can also be typed from the numeric keypad.
Page Down is a navigation key which will drop the displayed area
down the page one screens worth. It doesnt usually move a literal page
at a time. That would depend on the height of a page.
Pause the pause key is little used under Windows. Under DOS it is
used to halt actions in progress, often so that messages on the screen
can be read before they scroll off the screen.
Spacebar the spacebar is used to enter blank spaces in text.
Sometimes, it can also be used instead of a mouse click on buttons.

 Slash when Num Lock is on, the slash key acts as a division sign on
the numbers entered. When Num Lock is off, the Slash key types a /.
Shift the shift key is used in combination with the alphabetic keys to
get upper case. With a numeric/symbol key using the shift key will
give the character at the top of the key. The shift key can be used in
combination with the Alt and Control keys to change the effects of
another key.
Scroll Lock the scroll lock key is more useful under DOS where
pressing it will stop text on the screen from scrolling off the top of the
screen. This gives you time to read or print it before continuing.
Plus when Num Lock is on, this key perform addition. When Num
Lock is off, this key prints a +.
Tab the tab key is used to move the cursor over to the right to a preset point. This is especially used in word processing to line up text
vertically.

 Print Screen the print screen key is more

useful under DOS than under Windows. Under
DOS pressing the Print Screen key immediately
sends the contents of the screen to the printer.
Times when Num Lock is on, the Times key
acts as a multiplication sign on the numbers
entered. When Num Lock is off, the Times key
types a *.

Input Devices
Pointing Devices
Mouse a ball underneath rolls as the mouse moves across the mouse pad.
The cursor on the screen follows the motion of the mouse. Buttons on the
mouse can be clicked or double clicked to perform tasks, like to select an icon
on the screen or to open the selected document.
Optical Mouse these are new mice that dont have a ball. They use a laser
to sense the motion of the mouse instead
Trackball instead of moving the whole mouse around, the user rolls the
trackball only, which is on the top or side. Requires fine control of the ball
with just one finger or thumb. Repeated motions of the same muscles is
tiring and can cause carpal tunnel syndrome.
Glide pad uses a touch sensitive pad for controlling cursor. The user slides
finger across the pad and the cursor follows the finger movement. For
clicking, there are buttons, or you can tap on the pad with a finger. The glide
pad is a popular alternate pointing device for laptops.

Input Devices
Cursor motion controlled by vertical stick
(joystick) or arrow buttons (game pad)

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

A personal digital assistant is a handheld computer also known as
a palmtop computer. Currently, a typical PDA has a touch screen
for entering data, a memory card slot for data storage and at least
one of the following for connectivity: Bluetooth and/or Wifi.
Software typically required for a PDA includes an appointment
calendar, a to-do list, an address book for contacts and some sort
of note program. Connected PDAs also typically include E-mail
and Web support.
In healthcare industry, PDA have been shown to aid diagnosis
and drug selection and some studies have concluded that their
use by patients to record symptoms improved the effectiveness of
communication with hospitals during follow-up.

 Touch Screen
Make selection by just touching the screen. Its
natural to do reach out ad touch something. Its
tiring if many choices must be made. It takes a
lot of screen space for each choice since fingers
are bigger than cursors.
Digitizers and Graphics Tablets
Converts drawings, photos, etc. to digital
signal

Terminal
A terminal consists of a keyboard and a screen so it can be
considered an input device, especially some of the specialized types.
Some come as single units
Display terminals
Video display terminals

A dumb terminal has no ability to process or store data

An intelligent, smart or programmable terminal can process or store
on its own, at least to a limited extent. PCs can be used as smart
terminals.
A point-of-sale terminal (POS) is an example of a special purpose
terminal. These have replaced the old cash registers in nearly all
retails stores. They can update inventory while calculating the sale.
They often have special purpose keys.

Multimedia
Is a combination of sound and images with text
and graphics. This would include movies,
animations, music, people talking, sound effects
like roar of a crowd and smashing glass.

Sound Input
Recording sounds for your computer requires special
equipment. Microphones can capture sounds from the air at
which the sound signal is converted to a computer signal for
easy processing.
Sound effects or voices
For music, the best results come from using a musical
instrument that is connected directly to the computer.
Software can combine music recorded at different times. You
could be a music group all by yourself playing and singing.
Voice input systems are now becoming available at the local
retail level. You must be careful to get the right system or
youll be very disappointed.

Video Input
A digital camera takes still photos but records the pictures on
computer disks or memory chips. The information contained can
be uploaded to a computer for viewing.
A video camera or recorder (VCR) can record data that can be
uploaded to the computer system.
A web cam is a tiny video camera designed especially to sit on your
computer. It feeds pictures directly to the computer no tape or
film to develop of course, you are limited by the length of the cable
that connects the camera to the computer.
They use it for video conferencing over the internet. They show the
world whats going on outside their window (weather, traffic). They
take digital pictures and make movies family, pets, and birthday
parties.

General Devices
Page Scanner the scanner works like a copy machine. It captures a
whole page and converts it to digital image. The scanned text cannot be
edited at this point.
Hand Scanner you move the device across the document or picture.
It will capture only a section of a page or a large image. So the pieces of
anything wider than the scanner would have to be recombined with
some nifty software.
With optional Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software you
can convert printed documents such as newspaper articles to text that
can be used in your word processor.
Bar Code Reader retail shops now use printed bar codes on
products to track inventory and calculate the sale at the checkout
counter.
Optical Marks a special machine reads the marks.

Central Processing Unit

Is the part of the computer where work gets
done. In most computers, there is one
processing chip.
Main memory stores the commands that the
CPU executes and the results.

Arithmetic Logic Unit

This is the part that executes the computers
commands. The ALU can only do one thing at a time
but can work very, very fast. These are the various
programs that are currently running on the computer.
By taking turns with the Machine Cycle, modern
computers can have several different programs
running at once. This is called multi-tasking.
Each open application has to have some data stored in
Main Memory, even if the application is on rest break
and is just sitting there.

Control Unit
This is the part of the computer that controls the
Machine Cycle. It takes numerous cycles to do
even a simple addition of two numbers.

Input/Output Storage
When you enter new data, the keystrokes must be
stored until the computer can do something with
the new data. When you want data printed out or
displayed, it must be stored somewhere handy
first.
Main Memory
This is where the computer stores the data and
commands that are currently being used. When
the computer is turned off, all data in Main
Memory vanishes. A data storage method of this
type is called volatile since the data evaporates.

Memory
Main Memory = Primary Storage

Main Memory
keeps track of what is currently being processed.
Its volatile, meaning that turning the power off
erases all of the data. For Main Memory,
computers use RAM, or Random Access
Memory. These memory chips are the fastest,
but most expensive, type of storage.

Primary Storage Device

Compact disks or CDs can store large amounts of information.
One disk will store 650 Mb or about 70 or 80 minutes of music.
Another is a CD-RW which stands for Compact Disk
Read/Write. CD drives can copy information or burn information
on to a blank CD. Common Read Only CD blanks can only be
written to once though more expensive Read/Write CDs can be
used over and over again.
DVDs can store over 4 gigabytes. DVD recorders allow you to
store large files, such as movies, on a single disk.
Hard disks store the majority of information on todays modern
computer. Like a floppy disk, information can be stored and
deleted as necessary. As files get larger, the speed that hard disks
can read and write become more important.

Primary Storage Device

Floppy disk or diskette comes in two basic sizes:
5.25 inch (obsolete) and 3.5 inch. Both have low
and high density versions though 3.5 inch high
density disks are the most common.
Information is stored in an electromagnetic form
much like a cassette or video tape.

Disk Size

Amount of Storage

5.25 low density

360 Kb
3.5 low density
720 Kb
5.25 high density
1.2 Mb
3.5 high density
1.44 Mb
CD
650 Mb
DVD/DVX
4.5 GB

Secondary Storage
Auxiliary Storage = Secondary Storage

Auxiliary Storage
Auxiliary storage holds what is not currently being processed.
This is the stuff that is filed away, but is ready to be pulled out
when needed.
It is nonvolatile, meaning that turning the power off does not erase
it.
Auxiliary Storage is used for:
Input data and programs
Output saving the results of processing

So, auxiliary storage is where you put last years tax info, addresses
for old customers, programs you may or may not ever use, data you
entered yesterday everything that is not being used right now.

Flash Memory
Several different brands of removable storage
cards, also called memory cards, are now
available. These are solid-state devices (no
moving parts) that read and write data
electrically, instead of magnetically.
Devices like digital cameras, camcorders, and
cellphones may use Compact Flash, Smart
Media, or another flash memory card.

USB Drive
This new type of flash memory storage device does not
yet have a generally accepted name. Each company calls
it something different, including flash drive, flash pen,
thumb drive, key drive and mini-USB drive.
All are small, about the size of your thumb or a large car
key, and plug into a USB port on the computer. No
drivers are needed for Windows XP, Me, Vista or 7.
Some flash drives include password protection and the
ability to run software right off the USB drive.

Removable Hard Drives

Several types of special drives that compress
data are available. A regular external hard drive
can be used for backup, too.

Optical Cards
A chip on the card holds information like health
records and auto-repair records. They can hold
more data than the smart cards since they dont
need to do any processing.

Operating System
These are the instructions that the computer
uses to tell itself how it operates.
One hopes that there is always some storage
space that is not in use. If space runs out in Main
Memory, the computer will crash, that is, stop
working.

Working Storage
The numbers and characters that are the
intermediate results of computer operations
must be stored until the final values are
calculated. These values in progress are kept in
temporary locations.

Computer Communication
Is the transmission of data and information over a
communications channel between two computers,
which can be several different things.
Communications between computers can be as
simple as cabling two computers to the same
printer.
Basic Computer Communication Types:
Data Communications
Telecommunications
Teleprocessing

THANK YOU!
Be happy
always!
No one has to
die for you
become happy
tvbd