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SIMARPREET SINGH
M.E. (IT) 2013-15
ROLL NO. 13-621
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Ms. INDERDEEP KAUR AULAKH
COORDINATOR & ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (IT)
UIET, PANJAB UNIVERSITY
Layout
Introduction
Literature Review
Research Gaps
Proposed System
Parameters & Results
Conclusion & Future Scope
Publications
References
Introduction
RF Spectrum
Cognitive Radio
Spectrum Sensing
Spectrum Sensing Updates
DSSS and FHSS
Integrating Spectrum Sensing and Signal Modulation
3000GHz).
Frequencies are licensed by regulatory authorities.
Exponential growth in wireless communications, allocation
and management has become a critical issue.
About 15-85% of spectrum is underutilized at a particular
instance (FCC).
Limited resource, efficient utilization is a key for future
wireless communications.
Cognitive radio is an intelligent wireless technology to
address the problem of under-utilization of spectrum
resources.
Cognitive Radio
Joseph Mitola (1998).
Capable of some intellectual features such as thinking,
A cyclic process
SPECTRUM
SENSING
SPECTRUM
MOBILITY
RADIO
ENVIRONMENT
SPECTRUM
SHARING
SPECTRUM
MGMT.
Spectrum sensing:
process of detecting spectrum holes by determining
the presence or absence of primary user.
Spectrum management :
process of selecting the best available channel by
analyzing the channels.
Spectrum sharing :
deals with the minimization of interference among
cognitive radio users.
Spectrum mobility :
cognitive radio user evacuates the spectrum and starts
sensing again.
Spectrum Sensing
Ability to measure availability of spectrum by transmit power,
Spectru
m
Sensing
Query
Response
Sensing Request
Response
Sensing Request
Response
Spectru
m
Sensing
Reply
DSSS
Original message is spread using a chipping code
FHSS
Original message is partitioned into pieces and spread
USER 2
Frequen
cy
Frequen
cy
USER 1
Time
Time
DSSS/FHSS.
Sender and receiver become cognitive users which
have an additional sensor.
Responsible for gaining information from the RF
surroundings by spectrum sensing.
Sensing results are relayed back to the device which
adapts accordingly.
Literature Review
Spectrum Sensing
N. Zhao, R.Y. Fei, S. Hongjian and A. Nallanathan, "Energy-efficient
cooperative spectrum sensing schemes for cognitive radio
networks." EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking,
Vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 1-13, 2013.
Authors have proposed two energy-efficient and time-saving one-bit
cooperative spectrum sensing schemes, which have two stages in the spectrum
sensing process. They have worked to eliminate or minimize the data drop by
proposing new technique based on sensing. They have added one-bit decision,
which is sent by each cognitive user to minimize the overhead cost. The second
proposed algorithm makes use of the complete local decisions of the coarse
detection, and also its energy consumption is further reduced with its sensing
performance close to the first algorithm. Simulations are performed, and the
results show that the sensing time and energy consumption are both
significantly reduced in the proposed schemes.
Research Gaps
DSSS divides the available spectrum into parts, for
Proposed System
The proposed FHSS-CR model performs integration
Spectrum
Sensing
Query
Response (2)
Response (3)
Response (4)
Sensing Request (4)
Spectrum
Sensing
Reply
Authentication:
Key Generation
Spectrum Sensing
Key Verification
Frequency Set
Transmission Module
Data Generation
Spreader (DS/FH)
AWGN Channel
De-spreader (DS/FH)
Analysis
Data Generation
Spread Data
Connection Setup
Authentication
Key Based Spectrum Sensing
Frequency Set
Transmission over AWGN
De-Spread Data
Original Data
DSSS
DSSS-CR
FHSS
FHSS-CR (with OBRMB)
Parameters:
BER
Probability of detection and false alarm
Overheads
Energy comparison
Bit-error rate
Ratio of number of erroneous bits received to the
DSSS
0.03267
0.02467
0.01967
0.01700
0.01300
0.01300
0.01133
0.00933
0.00467
0.00733
0.00567
0.00567
0.00333
0.00367
0.00467
0.00167
0.00233
0.00233
0.01011
0.18200
DSSS-OB
0.00467
0.00567
0.00300
0.00333
0.00767
0.00300
0.00200
0.00167
0.00233
0.00267
0.00100
0.00233
0.00100
0.00100
0.00100
0.00133
0.00067
0.00100
0.00252
0.04533
FHSS
0.01429
0.01429
0.01111
0.00317
0.00952
0.00476
0.00476
0.00159
0.00087
0.00055
0.00038
0.00064
0.00035
0.00072
0.00092
0.00054
0.00008
0.00089
0.00386
0.06942
FHSS-OB
0.00635
0.00159
0.00012
0.00020
0.00071
0.00027
0.00058
0.00081
0.00023
0.00003
0.00067
0.00017
0.00079
0.00097
0.00089
0.00021
0.00029
0.00083
0.00087
0.01571
Overhead
Number of bits required to carry out data
transmission.
Bits to setup connection, maintain and correctly
send and receive data between two nodes.
DSSS-CR: overhead=3
FHSS-CR: overhead=5
Spectrum sensing:
Energy Comparison
Initially, total energy of the system = 100%
Calculated for DSSS-CR and FHSS-CR sensing
modules.
For both models, 1% of energy is consumed when
one message (either a request or a response)
transmitted between two ends;
energy = (energy-1) %
Conclusion
Lower data drop rate achieved using FHSS.
Drop of approximately 23% in overhead cost.
Reduction in energy consumption.
Future Scope:
No improvement in BER above 12dB.
Combination of OBRMB with more recognized
sensing techniques.
Publications
1. Inderdeep Kaur Aulakh, Simarpreet Singh, Renu Vig, Spectrum Sensing
References
N. Zhao, F. R. Yu, H. Sun, and A. Nallanathan, Energy-efficient cooperative
I. K. Aulakh and R. Vig, Optimization of SUs Probability of False Alarm for Dynamic
Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio, in Proceedings of IEEE 8th INDIACom, 2014, New
Delhi, India, pp. 814-819, March, 2014.
G. Ganesan, Y. Li, Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio Networks,
Proceedings of the International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum
Access Networks, 2012.
I.F. Akyildiz, B.F. Lo, R. Balakrishnan, Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio
networks: A survey, Elsevier, Physical Communication, Vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 40-62, 2011.
D. Incebacak, R. Zilan, B. Tavli, J.M. Barcelo-Ordinas, and J. Garcia-Vidal, "Optimal data
compression for lifetime maximization in wireless sensor networks operating in stealth
mode", Ad Hoc Networks, Vol. 24, pp. 134-147, 2014.
L.U. RuiMin, Y.E. GanHua, M.A. JinLing, L.I. YongChao, H.Wei, A Numerical comparison
between FHSS and DSSS in satellite communication systems with on-board processing, in
2nd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, pp. 1-4, 2009.
J. Li, J. Zhang, Z. Tan, Bit error rate of the primary user in a cognitive relay network over
rayleigh-fading channels, in 5th International Conference on Wireless Communications,
Networking and Mobile Computing, IEEE, pp. 1-4, 2009.
R. D. Raut, K. D. Kulat, BER performance maintenance at high data rates in cognitive
radio, in 20th International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Computer,
IEEE, pp. 62-67, 2010.
S. Maleki, A. Pandharipande, G. Leus, Two-stage spectrum sensing for cognitive radios,
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, Signal and
Processing, 2010.
Thank You!