Modeling and Analysis of

Elevated Skid Mounted High Speed Compressor Structure

GT STRUDL Users Group

Presentation
Atlanta, GA June 24-26,2009
Jonathan Guan, P.E.

Houston, Texas
Jonathan.guan@jacobs.com

832-351-6847

Modeling and Analysis of

Elevated Skid Mounted High Speed Compressor Structure

Topic Outline

Design Overview
Preliminary Design
Dynamic Properties
Geometry Modeling
Dynamic Analysis
Beyond Moores Law

Design Overview
Project Assignment:
To Design a Recycle Compressor with:
Power:
10,000 HP
Speed:
7,242 to 11,522 rpm
Equipment Weight
Compressor: 30.8 Kips
Steam turbine: 54.0 Kips
Skid:
31.3 Kips
Piping:
6.0 Kips
Total Machine + Skid WT = 122 Kips

Design Overview
Study
Design Data
Study Soil Report
Start
Preliminary Design

Generate
Dynamic Impedance

Derive
Excitation Force

Request for More

Geotech./Vendor Info

Create
Geometry Model

Perform
Dynamic Analysis
No
Check Criteria
Yes

Detail Design
Foundation

Fine Tune
Foundation Geometry

Design Overview
Design Criteria:

The basic goal in the

design of a machine
foundation is to limit its
motion to amplitudes
that neither endanger
the satisfactory
operation of the
machine nor disturb
people working in the
immediate vicinity.
(Gazetas 1983)

Preliminary Design
Purpose:
To initialize the
foundation dimension
and arrange columns
To create the finite
element model for
dynamic analysis

Based on:
Rule of thumbs
Vendor data
Soil Report
Piping layout
Modeling Tool:
Other Software May Be
Used to Create the
Model.

Preliminary Design
FrameWorks
Model:

Steam TurbineCompressor Skid.

Steam
Condenser

Preliminary Design
Using FrameWorks 3D model to obtain the
foundation center of gravity:

Preliminary Design

Equipments + Foundation

Concrete Foundation Only

Dynamic Properties
Dynamic Equilibrium Equation:

M X C X K X F (t )
In Veletsos Model, the Dynamic Impedance Expressed as:

I K s k d (a0 ) ia0 cd (a0 )

Mode

Vertical

Static Spring
4Gv Rv
Kv
Constants
1

Dynamic
Impedance

Horizontal

Rocking

8Gh Rh
Kh
2

8Gr Rr
Kr
31

K v k v ia 0 cv K h k h ia 0 ch

K r k r ia 0 c r

Torsion
16Gt Rt
Kt
3

K t k t ia 0 ct

Dynamic Properties
The classic single lumped mass machine-foundation-soil system

with circular foundation on elastic half-space summarized by

Richart, Woods, Hall (1970):
Motion
Vertical
Horizontal
Rocking
Torsion

Spring Constant
Ky

4G R
1

32(1 )GR
7 8
8GR 3
K rz
31
16
K ry
G R3
3
Kx

Reference
Timoshenko & Goodier (1951)
Bycroft (1956)
Borowicka (1943)
Reissner & Sagoci (1944)

A Frequency Independent Model, Applied for 0 < a0 <1.0

a0: Dimensionless frequency.

Dynamic Properties
Dimensionless frequency, a0

R
a0
Vs
Where:
: machine speed equipment;
R: foundation radius foundation;
Vs: shear wave speed soil.

Dynamic Properties
Dynamic Stiffness:

Dynamic Damping:

C k s c d ( a0 ) a0

K k s k d (a0 )
Dynamic Ratio:

k s cd a0 a0
C / Ccr
Ccr

Critical Damping:

Ccr 2 K M

(translational)

Ccr 2 K I

(rotational)

Dynamic Properties
Veletsos Model Dynamic Stiffness and Damping Coefficients:

b1 to b4 in expression above are dimensionless functions of . Given by Veletsos for

different type of soils.

Dynamic Properties
Veletsos Model, kx & cx

to Frequency Relation
in Horizontal Mode:
cx is independent of a ,
0

or the frequency.
kx in sandy soil is kind of

sensitive to a , or the
frequency.
0

Dynamic Properties
Veletsos Model, k & c

to Frequency Relation
in Rocking Mode:
c is independent of a ,
0

or the frequency.
k in clay soil is very

sensitive to a , or the
frequency.
0

Dynamic Properties
Veletsos Model, kz & cz

to Frequency Relation
In Vertical Mode:
cz is independent of a ,
0

or the frequency.
kz in clay soil is very

sensitive to a , or the
frequency.
0

Dynamic Properties
Dynamic Stiffness and Damping Coefficients:

Dynamic Properties
At The Speed: f = 7242 Hz:

Dynamic Properties
At The Speed: f = 11522 Hz:
Changes less
than 0.2%

Changes less
than 0.2% .

Dynamic Properties
Equivalent Foundation Radius:

(The Original Veletsos Studies Was on Circular, Massless Disk)

Dynamic Properties
Evaluation of Static Stiffness of Circular Footing on Inhomogeneous
Half-space (Werkle and Waas):

Seismic Downhole Survey

Seismic Downhole Survey

P-Wave:

S-Wave:

Seismic Downhole Survey

Seismic Downhole Survey

To Determine Soil Moduli from in-situ testing data:

G Vs2 / g
For soils that are not close to saturation, can be obtained:

V /V 2

2 V / V 1
2

Empirical Correlations for Vs (Imai 1977):

Vs 91N 0.337
N, standard penetration number, however, the reliability of
such relations is very low, and they should only be used, if
necessary, for preliminary when seismic survey is not done.

Seismic Downhole Survey

Dynamic Properties

Dynamic Properties
Dynamic Unbalance Forces:

The Dynamic Equilibrium Equation:

GTSTRUDL Harmonic Load Command:

MY CY KY F (t )

F (t ) M a S f Sin(t )
W
g

e 2 S f Sin(t )

W
eS f
g

2 Sin(t )

A 2 Sin(t )

Where:
Sf = 2.0, service factor for
centrifugal compressor.

The amplitude of a harmonic forcing function of

the Harmonic Loading Condition in GTSTRUDL:

f A 2 B C
(B = C = 0)
f A 2

Dynamic Properties
Industrial Standard:
ISO 1940 G2.5
for Turbo-Compressor

e 0.1(in / s )
e = 0.1/

= 0.1/(2x200)
= 8.0x10-5(in)
For Compressor Foundation
Design

API 617 for

Centrifugal Compressor

e f 0 0.25(in / m)
e = 0.25/f0
= 0.25/(12,000 rpm)
=2.0x10-5(in)
For New Equipment Testing
(For Equipment Vendor)

Dynamic Properties
Calculating Amplitude of Harmonic Force:
Equipment

Compressor
Steam-Turbine

Wr
e S f
g

Rotor Weight

2922 lbm

2922

32.0

8.0 10 5

12

1175 lbm

1175

32.0

8.0 10 5
2.0 4.8 10 4

12

2.0 1.2 10 3

UNIT LBS FEET SEC CYCLE

HARMONIC LOADING 2 'FREQUENCY FROM 7,000RPM TO 12,000RPM-IN PHASE'
JOINT LOAD SIN FREQ FROM 120.0 TO 200.0 AT 1.0
1 2 FORCE Y A 0.00024 PHASE 0.0
3 4 FORCE Y A 0.00060 PHASE 0.0
$
1 2 FORCE X A 0.00024 PHASE 0.0
3 4 FORCE X A 0.00060 PHASE 0.0
END OF HARMONIC LOAD
$

Geometry Modeling
Tabletop with Skid Finite Element Modeling:

Compressor
skid

Tabletop mass
c.g. elevation

Plate elements
continuity violation

How to Set the

Elevation?

The dilemma of
modeling to accurate
mass elevation or
column length?

Model with Plates and Beams

Geometry Modeling
Why Foundation Modeled as Linear Instead of
Nonlinear Elastic ?
For the small strains (less than about 0.005%)
usually induced in the soil by a properly designed
machine foundation, shear deformations are the
result of particle destortion rather than sliding and
rolling between particles, such deformation is
almost linearly elastic.

Physically Similar
to Shock Absorber

Maxwell Model For Vibration of

Viscoelastic Foundation

STATUS SUPPORT JOINT 1029 TO 1041 BY 2 1042 TO 1054 BY 2 1085 TO 1097 BY 2 1098 TO 1110 BY 2 1141 TO 1153 BY 2 1154 TO 1166 BY 2 1197 TO 1209 BY 2 1210 TO 1222 BY 2 1253 TO 1265 BY 2 1266 TO 1278 BY 2 1309 TO 1321 BY 2 1322 TO 1334 BY 2 1365 TO 1377 BY 2 1378 TO 1390 BY 2 1421 TO 1433 BY 2 1434 TO 1446 BY 2
.
JOINT RELEASES MOMENT X Y Z
1029 TO 1041 BY 2 1042 TO 1054 BY 2 1085 TO 1097 BY 2 1098 TO 1110 BY 2 1141 TO 1153 BY 2 1154 TO 1166 BY 2 1197 TO 1209 BY 2 1210 TO 1222 BY 2 1253 TO 1265 BY 2 1266 TO 1278 BY 2 1309 TO 1321 BY 2 1322 TO 1334 BY 2 1365 TO 1377 BY 2 1378 TO 1390 BY 2 1421 TO 1433 BY 2 1434 TO 1446 BY 2

FORCE X Z KFY 720 DAMPING 0.70

$
JOINT RELEASES MOMENT X Y Z
3102 TO 3112 BY 2 3115 TO 3127 BY 2 FORCE X Y KFZ 12960 DAMPING 0.4
$
JOINT RELEASES MOMENT X Y Z
2020 TO 2568 BY 56 2652 TO 3100 BY 56 FORCE Y Z KFX 10080 DAMPING 0.40

Geometry Modeling
Dynamic Stiffness and Damping Distribution:

Geometry Modeling

Convert Skid Beam, W18X97 to a

Modulus of Elasticity Equivalent Solid
Element:
W18X97 Properties:
Ix = 1910 in4
Iy = 220 in4

A = 28.5 in2

Equation shall satisfy:

EsIsx = EeIex

(1)

(Stiffness in y-y is not critical)

Ee

Es I sx 29,000 1910

9,500ksi
I ex
1218 3 / 12

Note:
E of Filled Epoxy Grout can be ignored. Its only 1/3 of Regular concrete.

Geometry Modeling
Skid Modeled in Solid Elements:

Converted Steel
Frame Elements
Filled Grout
Elements

Exhaust
Opening

Dynamic Analysis
Mode Shape:
Mode: 56
Freq: 146.7 c/sec.
As expected, one of the
typical mode shape
shows that the table top
remain rigid while large
deflection observed at
columns and base slab.
The vibrating energy has
been absorbed by the
columns and base slab.

Dynamic Analysis
Velocity (in vertical Y) vs

Frequency, Out of Phase

Load Case.
Machine frequency
range: 120 cps to 200
cps.
Max vertical velocity
found at joint 101,
Vy=0.032 in/sec, within
the Very Good range.

Dynamic Analysis
Acceleration (in X dir.)

vs Frequency, Out of
Phase Load Case.
The criteria to make
sure machine parts at
attachment point not
overstressed.
Max Horizontal
Acceleration found at
joint 8128, ax=60.0
in/sec2, < 0.2g.

Beyond Moores Law

Multiple Core
Processors

Beyond Moores Law

GTSTRUDL Job Monitoring on a
Intel Duo Core CPU at 1.86Ghz

CPU No. 1
Fully Occupied
by GTSTRUDL
CPU No. 2
Not Reached by
GTSTRUDL

Beyond Moores Law

Finite Element
Dimension Limit:
It is usually recommended
that the maximum
dimension of an element
should not exceed /8 (G.
Gazetas).
=V/f
=762ft/s/[120, 192](c/s)
=[4,6.35]
/8=[0.5, 0.8].
Try: Element with
Horizontal Dimension: 1x1
Resulting the Tabletop with
4373 solid elements;
7024 joints;
21,000 DOF.

Beyond Moores Law

Dynamic System Solution Implement Comparison:
Dynamic Model Consist of 4373 solid elements and 7024 joints, about 21,000 degree of freedoms.
Max. Velocity and Acceleration Calculated with the Compressor Speed from 120 200 cycle/sec. at

1.0 cycle/sec. step.

GTSTRUDL V29.0 Dynamic Speed Report for the Design Example

Large Problem Size

GTSELANCZOS

Time to Solve
Eigenproblem

Total CPU Time

11 Min. 8 Sec.

26 Min. 8 Sec.

2 Min. 13 sec.

6 Min. 14 Sec.

43.8 Sec.

4 Min. 25 Sec.

Modeling and Analysis of

Elevated Skid Mounted High Speed Compressor Structure

QUESTIONS?

Jonathan Guan, P.E.

Jacobs Engineering
Houston, Texas
Jonathan.guan@jacobs.com

832-351-6847