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    Applications In these filtration systems the surfaces of the filter media act as a support for microbial attachment and growth, resulting in a biofilm adapted to using the organic matter found in that particular water. The end result of biological filtration is a conversion of organic carbon in the water into bacterial biomass. Drinking water and treated wastewater that have been subjected to microbial activity in a controlled manner in a treatment plant are more "biologically stable" and therefore less likely to contribute to microbial proliferation downstream in distribution system or receiving water. Biologically treated water typically has lower disinfectant demand and disinfection by-product formation potential than conventionally treated water if the source water is high in organic carbon. Subsurface bioremediation is controlled by abiotic geochemical and transport phenomena, including multiphase flow, convective mass transport, and adsorption/desorption, and phase partitioning, as well as biotic processes, such as microbial biomass growth and contaminant metabolism. Compare activated sludge process For suspended growth system, as activated sludge process, effluent from settling tank and activated sludge are combined in the reactor container using aeration. This process enables contact between substrate and microorganisms as well as the introduction of oxygen. The liquid then flows to a settling tank where the microorganisms are removed and the effluent continues to discharge. In biofilm or fixed film (attached growth) processes, the microbial growth occurs on the surface of stone or plastic media. The increase of biofilm surface area enables wastewater to pass over the media and increases the volume of substrate that can be adsorbed from the influent. As the film builds up, diverse habitats are provided for the mineralization and transformation of wastewater constituents such as carbon and nitrogen components. This increases the efficiency of the removal of organic substances from wastewater influent. Aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic mechanisms may occur in individual biofilm and the limiting substrate will alter by the thickness of biofilm. (Chan et al., 2009) Advantages of Biofilm Biofilm communities provide several advantages to their members including easy access to food and nutrients and resistance to antibiotics: 1. Antibiotic resistance: development of a biofilm allows for the cells inside become more resistant to antibiotics. In fact, depending on the organism and type and experimental system, biofilm bacteria can be up to a thousand times more resistant to antimicrobial stress than free-swimming bacteria of the same species. 2. Ability to enter into latent state during inhospitable conditions: in inhospitable conditions such as nutrient starvation, microbes in biofilm communities can enter into a viable state (Olivar, 2010). According to (Epstein, 2010), members of microbial communities periodically wake up from this state of dormancy. 3. Many of water treatment processes allow biofilm formation (like granular activated carbon, slow and rapid sand filters, biological water treatment) 4. Biofilms act as catalyst in natural systems for self-purification of water and groundwater 5. Freeloaders: biofilm bacteria appear to resolve the problem of freeloaders in at least two ways: - Increasing species diversity – once inside a biofilm, P. fluorescens, for example, differentiates into various forms, each of which uses different nutrient resources. - Disbanding when there are too many freeloaders Disadvantages of Biofilm - Because of mass transport resistance, bacteria are exposed to lower concentrations of substrates (Rittmann, 1995) - Biofilm accumulation increases fluid frictional resistance leading to an increase in pressure drop and to reduced water flow if the pressure drop held constant. (Bryers, 1981) - Biofouling due to overproduction of EPSs composed of polysaccharides. Decreases flo

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    Applications In these filtration systems the surfaces of the filter media act as a support for microbial attachment and growth, resulting in a biofilm adapted to using the organic matter found in that particular water. The end result of biological filtration is a conversion of organic carbon in the water into bacterial biomass. Drinking water and treated wastewater that have been subjected to microbial activity in a controlled manner in a treatment plant are more "biologically stable" and therefore less likely to contribute to microbial proliferation downstream in distribution system or receiving water. Biologically treated water typically has lower disinfectant demand and disinfection by-product formation potential than conventionally treated water if the source water is high in organic carbon. Subsurface bioremediation is controlled by abiotic geochemical and transport phenomena, including multiphase flow, convective mass transport, and adsorption/desorption, and phase partitioning, as well as biotic processes, such as microbial biomass growth and contaminant metabolism. Compare activated sludge process For suspended growth system, as activated sludge process, effluent from settling tank and activated sludge are combined in the reactor container using aeration. This process enables contact between substrate and microorganisms as well as the introduction of oxygen. The liquid then flows to a settling tank where the microorganisms are removed and the effluent continues to discharge. In biofilm or fixed film (attached growth) processes, the microbial growth occurs on the surface of stone or plastic media. The increase of biofilm surface area enables wastewater to pass over the media and increases the volume of substrate that can be adsorbed from the influent. As the film builds up, diverse habitats are provided for the mineralization and transformation of wastewater constituents such as carbon and nitrogen components. This increases the efficiency of the removal of organic substances from wastewater influent. Aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic mechanisms may occur in individual biofilm and the limiting substrate will alter by the thickness of biofilm. (Chan et al., 2009) Advantages of Biofilm Biofilm communities provide several advantages to their members including easy access to food and nutrients and resistance to antibiotics: 1. Antibiotic resistance: development of a biofilm allows for the cells inside become more resistant to antibiotics. In fact, depending on the organism and type and experimental system, biofilm bacteria can be up to a thousand times more resistant to antimicrobial stress than free-swimming bacteria of the same species. 2. Ability to enter into latent state during inhospitable conditions: in inhospitable conditions such as nutrient starvation, microbes in biofilm communities can enter into a viable state (Olivar, 2010). According to (Epstein, 2010), members of microbial communities periodically wake up from this state of dormancy. 3. Many of water treatment processes allow biofilm formation (like granular activated carbon, slow and rapid sand filters, biological water treatment) 4. Biofilms act as catalyst in natural systems for self-purification of water and groundwater 5. Freeloaders: biofilm bacteria appear to resolve the problem of freeloaders in at least two ways: - Increasing species diversity – once inside a biofilm, P. fluorescens, for example, differentiates into various forms, each of which uses different nutrient resources. - Disbanding when there are too many freeloaders Disadvantages of Biofilm - Because of mass transport resistance, bacteria are exposed to lower concentrations of substrates (Rittmann, 1995) - Biofilm accumulation increases fluid frictional resistance leading to an increase in pressure drop and to reduced water flow if the pressure drop held constant. (Bryers, 1981) - Biofouling due to overproduction of EPSs composed of polysaccharides. Decreases flo

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    Bio Films

    Uploaded by

    ALisa
    Applications In these filtration systems the surfaces of the filter media act as a support for microbial attachment and growth, resulting in a biofilm adapted to using the organic matter found in that particular water. The end result of biological filtration is a conversion of organic carbon in the water into bacterial biomass. Drinking water and treated wastewater that have been subjected to microbial activity in a controlled manner in a treatment plant are more "biologically stable" and therefore less likely to contribute to microbial proliferation downstream in distribution system or receiving water. Biologically treated water typically has lower disinfectant demand and disinfection by-product formation potential than conventionally treated water if the source water is high in organic carbon. Subsurface bioremediation is controlled by abiotic geochemical and transport phenomena, including multiphase flow, convective mass transport, and adsorption/desorption, and phase partitioning, as well as biotic processes, such as microbial biomass growth and contaminant metabolism. Compare activated sludge process For suspended growth system, as activated sludge process, effluent from settling tank and activated sludge are combined in the reactor container using aeration. This process enables contact between substrate and microorganisms as well as the introduction of oxygen. The liquid then flows to a settling tank where the microorganisms are removed and the effluent continues to discharge. In biofilm or fixed film (attached growth) processes, the microbial growth occurs on the surface of stone or plastic media. The increase of biofilm surface area enables wastewater to pass over the media and increases the volume of substrate that can be adsorbed from the influent. As the film builds up, diverse habitats are provided for the mineralization and transformation of wastewater constituents such as carbon and nitrogen components. This increases the efficiency of the removal of organic substances from wastewater influent. Aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic mechanisms may occur in individual biofilm and the limiting substrate will alter by the thickness of biofilm. (Chan et al., 2009) Advantages of Biofilm Biofilm communities provide several advantages to their members including easy access to food and nutrients and resistance to antibiotics: 1. Antibiotic resistance: development of a biofilm allows for the cells inside become more resistant to antibiotics. In fact, depending on the organism and type and experimental system, biofilm bacteria can be up to a thousand times more resistant to antimicrobial stress than free-swimming bacteria of the same species. 2. Ability to enter into latent state during inhospitable conditions: in inhospitable conditions such as nutrient starvation, microbes in biofilm communities can enter into a viable state (Olivar, 2010). According to (Epstein, 2010), members of microbial communities periodically wake up from this state of dormancy. 3. Many of water treatment processes allow biofilm formation (like granular activated carbon, slow and rapid sand filters, biological water treatment) 4. Biofilms act as catalyst in natural systems for self-purification of water and groundwater 5. Freeloaders: biofilm bacteria appear to resolve the problem of freeloaders in at least two ways: - Increasing species diversity – once inside a biofilm, P. fluorescens, for example, differentiates into various forms, each of which uses different nutrient resources. - Disbanding when there are too many freeloaders Disadvantages of Biofilm - Because of mass transport resistance, bacteria are exposed to lower concentrations of substrates (Rittmann, 1995) - Biofilm accumulation increases fluid frictional resistance leading to an increase in pressure drop and to reduced water flow if the pressure drop held constant. (Bryers, 1981) - Biofouling due to overproduction of EPSs composed of polysaccharides. Decreases flo

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    Biofilms

    December, 2015

    Content
    What is biofilm?
    Where did it come from?
    Applications
    Compare to activated sludge process
    Advantages of Biofilm
    Disadvantages of Biofilm
    Development of Biofilm
    Structure
    Models
    Microelectrodes
    Types of Biofilm systems for WWT
    Trickling filters
    Packed bed reactors
    Rotating biological contactors
    Fluidized bed reactors
    Application to drinking water
    Conclusions
    References

    What is biofilm?
    Biofilms consist of living cells, dead
    cells, and cell debris in a matrix of
    extracellular polysaccharide attached
    to a surface. Substrates, nutrients,
    inhibitors, and electron acceptors
    diffuse from the bulk phase through a
    liquid boundary layer into the film,
    and are utilized by the cells for
    growth.

    Bishop, 1995

    Where did it come from?


    Biofilms were used for the treatment of municipal water and wastewater
    before the invention of the activated sludge process, and long before
    they were called biofilms; for example, in slow sand filters and trickling
    filters. English engineers developed the first sand filter treatment
    methods for both water and wastewater treatment in the 1860s.
    Lewandowski et al, 2013

    Applications
    Bioremediation
    Wastewater treatment
    Deterioration in quality of the drinking water

    Compare to activated sludge process


    lower operation cost,
    lower energy demand,
    lower reactor capacity,
    lower requirement for settling volume
    lower sludge formation

    (Chan et al., 2009)

    Advantages of Biofilm
    Ability to enter into latent state during inhospitable conditions
    Many of water treatment processes allow biofilm formation
    Catalyst for self-purification of water
    Antibiotic resistance
    Freeloaders
    (Rittmann,1995; Olivar, 2010; Epstein,2010)

    Disadvantages of Biofilm
    Lower concentrations of substrates than in the bulk system
    Fluid frictional resistance in distribution pipelines
    Biofouling
    Production of H2S
    Cause of persistent infections
    Pipes corrosion

    Increase in heat transfer resistance and frictional


    resistance resulting from biofilm grow

    (Rittmann,1995)

    (Bryers, 1981)

    Development of Biofilm
    A closer look at research from the year 19952011 relating to biofilm
    Drinking water security, biological treatment of water and wastewater
    using biofilms, contaminated soil bioremediation, development of
    environmental microsensors.

    The University of Rhode Island, 2015

    The Formation of Biofilm


    The formation of a biofilm can be broken down into the following 5 stages:
    initial attachment, irreversible attachment, maturation, continued maturation,
    and finally dispersion.

    Biofilm Migration
    Biofilm bacteria can move in numerous ways: collectively, by rippling or
    rolling across the surface, or by detaching in clumps. Individually, through
    a swarming and seeding dispersal.

    What parameters influence biofilm structure?


    pH, density, porosity, tortuosity, thicknesses, fluid shear stress.
    Oxygen, nutrients, biofilm age, substrate competition

    CM cylindrical model

    Bishop, 1995; Zhang, 1994b

    What models used to describe the biofilm structure?

    Before: 1-D Continuum Model


    1970s-Homogenous (Monod growth kinetics)
    Dont distinguish difference between different
    microorganisms

    Now: 2-D, 3-D Cluster Model


    1990s-Stratified (Heterogeneous)
    Water channels (Mushroom structure)
    Aerobic
    oxidation
    Nitrificati
    on
    Denitrificati
    on
    Sulfate
    reduction

    Microelectrodes
    Oxygen Microelectrode (Dowben, 1953)

    Redox potential as an indication for stratification

    CLSM Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (Cremer, 1978)


    ORP Microelectrode (ASTM, 1993)
    Micro-slicing techniques (Zhang, 1994)
    pH Microelectrode (Fluka, 1996)
    Sulde Microelectrode (Yu et al, 1998)
    Chloramine-sensitive microelectrode (Lee, 2010)

    Tong Yu et al, 2001

    Lee at al, 2011

    Biodegradability of biofilm EPS


    Aim: To test whether EPS is biodegradable and when do they degrade?
    If so , can EPS be utilized by its other own producers or microbes ?
    Result: EPS is degradable
    4 stages:
    Pulse source of substrate from the added EPS
    Biodegradable EPS being consumed
    Produced soluble EPS and minimally
    biodegradable EPS left
    Newly produced EPS was further consumed and
    activity gradually stopped
    understanding the flocculation/defloccculation
    processes in modeling
    Xiaoqi Zhang ,2002

    Types of biofilm systems


    Fixed-medium systems:
    -Trickling filters
    -Packed bed reactors

    Moving medium systems:


    -Rotating biological contactors
    -Fluidized bed reactors
    -Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor

    (Van der Lubbe et al, 2012)

    Trickling filters
    Trickling filters consists of three major components filter media,
    distribution system, and underdrain system.
    Filter Media
    The filter media provide the surface and voids
    Should have the following characteristics
    Provide large surface area
    Allows liquid to flow in a thin sheet
    Has sufficient void spaces
    Biologically inert
    Chemically stable
    Mechanically stable

    Trickling filter system configuration

    Trickling filter system configuration


    Distribution system

    Provides uniform hydraulic loading on the filter surface

    Rotational speed is usually 1 rev/10 min

    Underdrain system

    Supports the media

    Collects the effluent

    Permits circulation of air through the bed

    Made of vitrified clay (for stone media) or simple metal gratings (for plastic media)

    Configuration

    Trickling filters can be employed as a single unit, units in series, or units in parallel

    Advantages/Disadvantages

    (U.S. EPA ,2000)

    Packed Bed Reactors (PBRs)


    Packed bed reactors are very versatile and are used in many chemical processing
    applications such as absorption, distillation, stripping, separation processes, and catalytic
    reactions.
    Across the diverse applications in which they are used, the physical dimensions of the beds
    can vary greatly.
    Typical reactors consist of a chamber, such as a tube
    or channel that contains catalyst particles or pellets,
    and a liquid that flows through the catalyst.
    The liquid interacts with the catalyst across the
    length of the tube, altering the chemical composition
    of the substance.
    (Foley,2014 )

    Packed-bed Systems
    Submerged up flow reactor packed with synthetic media
    Operated under anaerobic conditions
    Recycle is desirable to dilute influent
    Media used
    Sand particles
    Plastic media
    Aluminum oxide particles

    (Bukhari, 2008)

    Advantages/Disadvantages

    (Fogler,2011)

    Rotating biological contactors


    Rotating biological filters, are fixed-bed reactors consisting of stacks of
    rotating disks mounted on a horizontal shaft. They are partially submerged
    and rotated as wastewater flows through.
    High-tech
    Compact
    Effective for decentralized applications

    (Metcalf & Eddy, 2003)

    Treatment
    process and design principles
    Both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms can live in
    the biofilm and contribute to the removal of pollutant
    form the water.

    (Wikipedia)

    RBCs are a secondary treatment and as for all fixed-film


    processes, primary settling as well as sedimentation of
    sloughed sludge in a tertiary clarifier is required
    (GTZ ,2006)

    Advantages/Disadvantages

    (Asano,2007)

    Fluidized bed reactors


    A fluidized-bed reactor is a combination of the two most common, packedbed and stirred tank, continuous flow reactors. It is very important to
    chemical engineering because of its excellent heat and mass transfer
    characteristics.
    Fluidized bed systems are a combination of attached-growth and
    suspended-growth systems
    Bed media consists of small particles usually sand or granular activated
    carbon.
    The bed packing material is kept in a suspension by an upward flow of
    influent wastewater
    The effluent is discharged into a settling tank to separate biomass
    escaping in the effluent

    Principles of the process

    Liquid is passed upwards through a bed of solid particles


    As the liquid velocity is increased, the bed expands
    The particles separate and become free to more relative to each other
    The liquid velocity required to achieve this effect depends on the relative densities of
    the liquid and the particles, as well as the size and shape of the particles

    Advantages/Disadvantages

    (Dhodapkar,2012)

    Free Chlorine and Monochloramine Application to Nitrifying Biofilm


    Biofilm may deteriorate drinking water quality
    Free chlorine has limited penetration
    Monochloramine may lead to nitrification
    Free chlorine better disinfectant than monochloramine
    Monochloramine penetrates biofilm quicker and further
    than free chlorine

    Lee et al, 2011

    Conclusions
    Biofilm is a potentially viable treatment system.
    Biofilm structure is complex and complicated
    Consideration on the design parameters for the system required
    Two common types of biofilm reactors are the fixed biofilm reactor
    and moving biofilm reactor. The latter is widely used in
    comparison with the former due to its several advantages.

    References:
    1. Bishop, P. L., Zhang, T. C., & Fu, Y. C. (1995). Effects of biofilm structure, microbial distributions and mass transport on biodegradation
    processes. Water Science and Technology, 31(1), 143-152.
    2. Zhang, T. C., Fu, Y. C., & Bishop, P. L. (1995). Competition for substrate and space in biofilms. Water Environment Research, 67(6), 992-1003.
    3. Zhang, T. C., & Bishop, P. L. (1996). Evaluation of substrate and pH effects in a nitrifying biofilm. Water environment research, 68(7), 1107-1115.
    4. Bishop, P. L. (1997). Biofilm structire and kinetics. Water Science and Technology, 36(1), 287-294.
    5. Zhang, X., Bishop, P. L., & Kupferle, M. J. (1998). Measurement of polysaccharides and proteins in biofilm extracellular polymers. Water science and
    technology, 37(4), 345-348.
    6. Bishop, P. L., & Yu, T. (1999). A microelectrode study of redox potential change in biofilms. Water science and technology, 39(7), 179-185.
    7. Yu, T., & Bishop, P. L. (2001). Stratification and oxidationreduction potential change in an aerobic and sulfate-reducing biofilm studied using
    microelectrodes.Water environment research, 73(3), 368-373.
    8. Zhang, X., & Bishop, P. L. (2003). Biodegradability of biofilm extracellular polymeric substances. Chemosphere, 50(1), 63-69.
    9. Li, B., & Bishop, P. L. (2004). Micro-profiles of activated sludge floc determined using microelectrodes. Water research, 38(5), 1248-1258.
    10. Seo, Y., & Bishop, P. L. (2007). Influence of nonionic surfactant on attached biofilm formation and phenanthrene bioavailability during simulated
    surfactant enhanced bioremediation. Environmental science & technology, 41(20), 7107-7113.
    11. Lee, W. H., Wahman, D. G., Bishop, P. L., & Pressman, J. G. (2011). Free chlorine and monochloramine application to nitrifying biofilm: comparison of
    biofilm penetration, activity, and viability. Environmental science & technology,45(4), 1412-1419.
    12. Sheng, Z., Van Nostrand, J. D., Zhou, J., & Liu, Y. (2015). The effects of silver nanoparticles on intact wastewater biofilms. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6,
    680. http://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00680
    13. Lee, W. H.; Pressman, J. G.; Wahman, D. G.; Bishop, P. L. Characterization and application of a chlorine microelectrode for measuring
    monochloramine within a bio lm. Sens. Actuators, B 2010, 145, 734 742.
    14. Oliver JD Recent findings on the viable but nonculturable state in pathogenic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2010;34:415-25.
    15. Epstein SS Microbial awakenings. Nature. 2009;457:1083.
    16. Handbook of Biological Wastewater Treatment: Second Edition - Adrianus van Haandel and Jeroen van der Lubbe Publication Date: Feb 2012 - ISBN
    9781780400006
    17. Bryers, J., & Characklis, W. (1981). Early fouling biofilm formation in a turbulent flow system: overall kinetics. Water Research, 15(4), 483-491.
    18. Costerton, J. W., Stewart, P. S., & Greenberg, E. P. (1999). Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science, 284(5418), 13181322.
    19. Rittmann, B. E., Gantzer, C. J., & Montiel, A. (1995). Biological treatment to control taste-and-odor compounds in drinking water treatment. Advances in
    taste-and-odor treatment and control, 209-246.
    20. Rittmann, B. E., Nerenberg, R., Lee, K. C., Najm, I., Gillogly, T. E., Lehman, G. E., & Adham, S. S. (2004). The hydrogen-based hollow-fiber membrane
    biofilm reactor (HFMBfR) for removing oxidized contaminants. Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-AQUA, 4, 127-133.
    21. Fogler, H. Scott. Essentials of Chemical Reaction Engineering. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
    Prentice Hall, 2011. Print.
    22. Ghigo, J. M. (2001). Natural conjugative plasmids induce bacterial biofilm development. Nature, 412(6845), 442-445.
    23. U.S. EPA (2000). Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet. Trickling Filters. 832-F-00-014. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., US.
    24.ASANO, T.; BURTON, F.; LEVERENZ, H.; TSUCHIHASHI, R.; TCHOBANOGLOUS, G.; METCALF & EDDY Inc. (Editor) (2007):Water Reuse:
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    Thank You!

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