SESSION-22- PART-A

EASTERN INDIAN TEMPLES OF ORISSA

BY
CHRISTOPHER ABHILASH
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE LECTURE, SEM-III
KMEA-COA- OCTOBER 17TH ,2015

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

THE KINGDOM OF KALINGA

TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR ARTICULATION

THE EARLY HINDU

TEMPLES OF KALINGA

ADAPTATION OF BUDDHIST ARCHITECTUREVAITAL DEUL(TEMPLE), BHUBANESHWAR-*

The
Vaital
Bhubaneshwar

Deul,

The Teli-Ka- Mandir,Gwalior

Garbha Griha

Garbha Griha

Antralaya
Antralaya

The rectangular single roomed

shrine without a
Pradakshinapath

The Deul or shrine of the temple is in fact a revised version of the

Teli-ka- Mandir at Gwalior

EXTERIOR ARTICULATION
VAITAL DEUL(TEMPLE), BHUBANESHWAR-*

The
Vaital
Bhubaneswar

Deul,

The Teli-Ka- Mandir,Gwalior

Kalasa

Unadorned
aithya hall
vault

rpendicular
Prismatic
Shikhara
Flat roof
antralaya

orth indian
hikhara at
corners

A comparitive study of the faade elements between Vaital Deul and Telika- Mandir

REDEFINING THE DEUL AND THE

MANDAPA
THE PARASURAMESHWAR TEMPLE,
BHUBANESHWAR-*

Introduction of the Rekha

Deul

The Garbha Griha was now

defined by a straight linedshoulder shaped spire

The
plan
of
the
Parasurameshwar Temple

Mandapa as a colonnaded
rectangular hall

EXTERIOR ARTICULATIONTHE PARASURAMESHWAR TEMPLE,

BHUBANESHWAR-*
Rekha Deul
The shoulder shaped
Shikhara over the
Garbha Griha

Flat roofed Mandapa

Openings with trellis

works
Relief work on stone
wall

REDEFINING THE EDIFICE OF THE

MANDAPA
THE MUKTESHWAR TEMPLE,
The Mandapa crowned
BHUBANESHWAR-*

Plan of
Temple

the

Mukteshwar

pyramidal roof
Mandapa

by A
of the Orissa

Jagmohan Garbha Griha

The Mandapa / Jagmohan

was made a square rather
than a rectangle signifying
its importance.

Once enlarged the temple including

the Mandapa / Jagmohan became a
more elegant edifice .

EXTERIOR ARTICULATIONTHE MUKTESHWAR TEMPLE,

BHUBANESHWAR-*
The bamboo purlins
of the rural form
became the
triangular stone
uprights

Series of deep
cornices as
pyramidal roof
members
Gateway

LATER PERIODTHE KHAJURAHO INFLUENCE

ADDITIONAL MANDAPAS
THE LINGARAJA TEMPLE,
BHUBANESHWAR-*
Later
Addition

Initial
Structure

The massing
thrown out of
balance by
subsequent
unimaginative
additions

Taller shikhara
with a height
to width ratio
of 1:3

Bhog
Mandir
Pavillion of
offerings

Nat
Mandir
Dance
hall

Jagmohan
Sri
Rectangul
Mandir
ar Room
of the
The
faithful
sanctuary

EXTERNAL ARTICULATION
THE LINGARAJA TEMPLE,
BHUBANESHWAR-*

THE SPLIT MANDAPA TYPE

THE SUNTEMPLE, KONARK-*

The Rekha-Deul
( presently
Dilapidated)
The Jagmohan
The Nat-Mandir
The Bhog-Mandir

Conjectural restoration of the Sun Temple , Konark

THE ARCHSPLIT MANDAPA TYPE

THE SUNTEMPLE, KONARK-*

The Pancharatha
Rekha-Deul with
extensions on all
four sides
High platform

The entire planning concept of the spectacular temple is devised out of

the perfectly square plans of the Deul, the Jagmohan and the Nat-mandir
and their precise geometric subdivisions

THE EXTERNAL ARTICULATIONTHE SUNTEMPLE, KONARK-*

Kalasa
Pyramidal roof

Larger than life

erotic sculptures
n the faade walls

aditional massive
relief work over
the high plinth

The alignment of the temple is east west.

SESSION-22- PART-B
LATE CHALUKYA PERIOD

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

THE WESTERN CHALUKYAN

EMPIRE

Kalya
ni

TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR ARTICULATION

HINDU TEMPLES

HYBRID FORM OF DECCAN TEMPLE

ARCHITECTUREKASI VISVESVARA TEMPLE, LAKKUNDI -

road adisthana
vides a path for
cumambulation
Adisthana

Oblong square
shaped
Garbha- Griha
Without a
radakshinapath

Garbha
Griha

Navaran
ga
/MahaMandapa

Subsidiar
y
Porch

MukhaMandapa

Main entrance
attached to
the sides

An example of a Later Chalukyan Temple- Kasi Visvesvara Temple,

Lakkundi- Amalgamation of architectural traditions of the north and
south.

EXTERNAL ARTICULATIONKASI VISVESVARA TEMPLE, LAKKUNDI - *

Projecting
Sukhanasika fom
the Shikhara
South indian multistorey Vimana
retained as a
faade element
Adisthana with
mouldings

The temples of Later Chalukyan period were built using Fine

Grained Chloritic Schist

SESSION-22- PART-C
CHOLA PERIOD

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

THE CHOLA EMPIRE

TYPOLOGIES AND THEIR ARTICULATION

EARLY HINDU TEMPLES

PHASE-I -THE PARIVALAYA PLANNING TYPESHIVATEMPLE, NATTARMALAI -

ParivalayasSubordinate
shrines

The circular
sanctum

Main shrine with

Garbha Griha
Outer walls with
very little
sculptural
ornamentation

The Early Chola temples do not show a simple and straight forward
evolution from the pallava temples, but reflect new features.

PHASE-II - THE INTRODUCTION OF THE ARDHA

MANDAPA AND THE ANTRALAYA BRAHMAPURESHWARA AND
NAGESHVARSWAMI TEMPLES

Brahmapureshwara Temple
- Plan

arbha Griha
Antralaya
Ardha
Mandapa

Nageshvarswami Temple Plan

Garbha Griha

Antralaya
Ardha
Mandapa

The introduction of the square cella and attached ardha mandapa

PHASE-III THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE

TEMPLEBRIHADESHWARA TEMPLE, TANJORE-

-*

The Palace
complex

The Temple
complex

The temple at Thanjavur had a commanding location and aquired the

aura of a leading ceremonial center

THE EVOLUTION OF THE GOPURAM

BRIHADESHWARA TEMPLE, TANJORE

-*

The Gopurams West

Oriented in the
same direction
The Garbha-Griha
Pradakshinapath
Maha -Mandapa
Nandi- Mandapa

Plan of Brihadeshwara Temple - The whole temple complex is aligned

in an east west axis and on the eastern wall are two imposing
temple gateways or Gopuras

East

THE EVOLUTION OF THE GOPURAM

BRIHADESHWARA TEMPLE, TANJORE

-*

Monolithic
tone cupola

Rich
sculptural
bellishments

Highest
Vimana

Sopana
steps

Moulded
Adisthana

Section of Brihadeshwara Temple - The vimana is imposing and it

dominates the whole temple complex

EXTERIOR ARTICULATIONBRIHADESHWARA TEMPLE, TANJORE

Gigantic
reproduction of
Dravidian Vimana
The width of
3 horizontal tiers
Have been
suppressed to
accentuate the
verticality

Flat roofed
Mandapa

View of Brihadeshara Temple

-*

Fin.
Chris15