Water supply and sanitation

Chapter one
INTRODUCTION
Prepared by Bereket.T

Water supply
Water supply is the provision of water for different

purposes. Water is provided for homes, factories,

industriesetc.
A comprehensive water supply scheme including the

source, storage and distribution system is called water

works.
The water delivered is different for diverse dedications.

For example the quality of water provided for irrigation

system and drinking purpose varies.

Sanitation
Sanitation refers to the science of maintaining a

healthful, disease and hazard free environment.

Sanitation compromises safe disposal of human,

home and industrial wastes to the collection

chamber.
Sanitation includes the protection of water resources

that can be useful for different purposes.

Sanitation is directly related to water quality and

water pollution.

Why we study WATER

SUPPLY?
Water is one of the basic necessities of human beings .
Every human being should have access to water, since

it is the free gift of nature.

All ancient civilizations were based on water.
Improvement in public health can be achieved by

protecting the water sources by supplying safe water

and by providing better sanitation.
The amount of water available is different from place to
place.
Therefore proper management and treatment of water
resources is crucial.

Why we study WATER SUPPLY?....Cont

For example, in 2004,
About 3.5 billion people worldwide (54% of the
global population) had access to piped water
supply through house connections.
About 1.3 billion (20%) had access to safe water

through other means than house connections,

including standpipes, protected springs and
protected wells.

But more than 1 billion people (16%) did not have

access to safe water, meaning that they have to

return to unprotected wells or springs, canals,
lakes or rivers to fetch water.
In 2015, 663-900 million people still lack improved
drinking water sources.

Why we study WATER SUPPLY?....Cont

The Antarctic icecap is the largest supply of fresh water,

representing nearly 2% of the worlds total fresh water.

Lack of water supply and sanitation service kills 4500

children a day.
According to UN, water use has grown at more than
twice the rate of population increase.
Halve the number of population without sustainable

access to safe water and basic sanitation in 2015. this

goal of UN takes 1990 as year of reference.
Over 783 million people are without access to improved
water sources.

The Earths Water Distribution

Total volume of water on the planet:

326,000,000 cubic miles

The water available

Today is the same water

Created with earth.
Water cannot be increased
Or decreased.
This cycle of water
on the earth is called
Hydrological cycle.

.cont

97% of the water on earth is in the oceans.

Only 2.8% of the water on earth is freshwater.

About 2.15% of the 2.8% freshwater on earth is

permanently frozen in glaciers and at the polar ice caps.

About 0.62% of the 2.8% fresh water on earth is

groundwater.

Less than 1% of the water on earth is in the rivers and

lakes.

1.INTRODUCTION

Water Supply Historical Background (world wide)

Community life is developed where enough potable
water exists. Civilization is related with water.
People living in arid and semi-arid areas struggle to get
water, they dig wells and construct cistern to store water.
Wells were common in ancient Egypt, Greece, Syria,
Persia and India.
Water from wells are safer than surface water sources.
The first 17km long aqueduct was constructed by Appius
Claudius about 312 b.c. aiming water supply to Rome.
A second aqueduct 60 km long (where 300 m length was
supported on arches) was constructed in 270 b.c.

.cont
With the fall of Roman Empire, water supply structures

got destroyed. In the ninth century a person called

Moors constructed some important water works in
Spain.
In America, Boston was the first city to receive water
supply by gravity from springs in 1652. By 1800 U.S.A
had 16 water works.

WATER SUPPLY HISTORY OF ETHIOPIA

In Ethiopia, the first pipe line was laid from Entoto

mountain to the old palace or Menelik II palace to

distribute the developed spring water by storing in the
reservoir and pump it by gravitational force to the
palace.
After Geffersa and Legadadi dams were built, a system
of pumping water is by relay method from the dam.

.cont
The imperial government took the initiative in water

resource devt in 1950s.

But till 1971 no body was responsible for any kind of WRD.
Water Resource Commission (WRC) was established in
1971.
At the beginning of the 1980s, less than 6 percent of the
rural population and 19 percent of the population in the 20
major towns had access to clean drinking water.
This figure continues till 1990 without any changes.
The Water Supply and Sanitation Authority (WSSA), a
division within the WRC, was established in 1981.
WSSA was responsible for water development in rural and

all urban areas except Addis Ababa.

cont
At present, the Regional administrations are responsible

for the development, operation and maintenance of rural

(and urban) water supply systems in their regions .
Water supply services in Ethiopia are among the lowest in
Africa.
According to Ministry of Water Resources(MWR,1996), 19
percent of the rural and 80 percent of the urban
population have access to safe water, and the total
coverage for the country is put at 26 percent.
The urban figure of water supply is high due to high
coverage of Addis Ababa. Excluding Addis Ababa will leave
us 31.3% of urban population get access to safe water.
Access to safe water doesnt mean access to adequate
water.
MWR defines adequate water as 20 lit per person per
day even though the WHO standard is 45 lit/person/day.

WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN ETHIOPIA

Ethiopia is known as water tower of Africa, the
country is endowed with abundance of water
sources.
- 8 major drainage basins
- 11 major lakes
The total surface runoff is about 123 billion while

usable is estimated as 2.56 billion cubic meters.

About 75% of total surface runoff drains to

neighboring countries.
Even though abundant sources of water exists, the

country is still dependent on rain, due to improper

Development of Ethiopia (MOR,

2002)

River Basins Of Ethiopia

River Basin

Catchments
Area
in Km2

Annual
runof
(BM3)

Specific
discharge
(lit/sec/km2)

Abbay (Sudan)

199,812

52.60

7.8

Awash

112,700

4.60

1.4

Baro-Akobo (Sudan)

74,100

23.60

9.7

Genale Dawa (Somalia)

171,050

5.80

1.2

Mereb (Eritrea)

5,700

0.26

3.2

Omo-Gibe (Lake Turkana)

78,200

17.90

6.7

Rift Valley

52,740

5.60

3.4

Tekeze (Eritrea)

89,000

7.63

3.2

Wabe Shebele (Somalia)

200,214

3.15

0.5

10

Afar Danakil

74,000

0.86

0.0

11

Ogaden

77,100

0.00

0.0

12

Aysha

2,200

0.00

0.0

1,136,816

122.00

Total

Water Supply Schemes

objectives
To provide some water to consumers for drinking

purpose.
To supply adequate quantity of water.
To make provisions for future demands due to an
increase in population, increase in standards of
living.
To prevent pollution of water at source, storage
and conveyance.
To maintain the treatment units and distribution
system in good condition.
To design and maintain an economical and
reliable system.

cont

The most important aspect of water supply scheme is

the choice of water supply source.

The source should be:
* Permanent
* Reliable
* with minimum impurities
Lakes, streams, impounded reservoirs, and springs,
are the surface sources; whereas, wells, springs, and
infiltration galleries, are the ground Sources.
After the selection of the source of water, the next

step is to construct suitable intake works to collect

and carry water to treatment plants.

..cont
The treatment of water depends on the source of supply,

and the amount and nature of impurities present in it.

Underground waters are compulsively clear, cool, and free

from bacteria. However the treatment is necessary to

remove hardness, iron and manganese.
After water has treated, it goes to the distribution system

to fulfill the demand.

Generally the complete outline of water supply engineering

involving various processes and it can be shown as :

Typical water supply scheme

Stages of ws scheme development

Preliminary Investigation
Feasibility
Design
Construction
Operation
Impact assessment
Maintenance

Preliminary Investigation
Preliminary investigation is the first stage in

designing water supply scheme.

A scheme is drawn and the different aspects of the

scheme are carefully studied from different view

points.
A water supply scheme for a city is established in

stages, because these schemes are very costly,

only those designs which can be implemented by
the available fund are acceptable.

cont
The following points should be looked into in their

sequential order while considering any public water

supply scheme:
- Source of water supply
- Population
- Financial aspects
- Per head water supply
- Quality of water
- Sanitary survey of the area
- Topography of the area
- Trend of development of the town

Essential drawings
They are drawings from preliminary investigation.
Contour plans - The positions of mains, branches, valves,

levels of street crossing, etc., are clearly marked on it.

Detailed drawings - Detailed longitudinal sections of
mains, branches, Sizes of the pipe lines, and their depth
below the ground, should also be clearly marked.
Line diagram - A flow diagram should be prepared to
indicate the sequence of various operations.
Site plan - The site plan shows the location of the scheme
and the area to be served by the scheme. Sometimes, the
site plan and contour plan are combined.
Topographical map - The topographical features of the
area such as roads, source of supply, railways, drains,
depressions, hill locks, telephone and electric lines are
shown.

cont
Drawings of water supply schemes are required

for the following reasons:

To workout the estimated cost of the project,
To obtain the administrative approval of the whole

project.
To decide the stages in which the scheme is to be

implemented. .
To give instructions to the supervising staff during con

struction of various components of the scheme.

Feasibility Report
The report should include the following points:
Land acquisition for the scheme,
Alignments, depths, and gradients of the pipe lines,
Existing water supply arrangements,
Financial aspects of the project,
Expected revenue from the scheme,
Present population to be served and the expected

growth population in future two-three decades,

Detailed calculation and designs of various units,
Nature of existing industries and expected nature of
new industries,
Quality of water available from the source,
Reasons to support the selection of the source of
water,
Brief outline of specifications of construction works,
Layout and design of the distribution system,
Pumps and allied machinery to be used in the
scheme,
Source of supply and standard of purification.

Advantages of Water Supply Schemes

Following are some of the advantages of water

supply scheme:
Community gets wholesome water to drink.
Community gets fresh, odorless, and water to drink.
Industries do not have to install their own water

purification units.
Better cleanliness is possible only with adequate
water supply.
Installation of water supply scheme opens new

employment opportunity for the local people.

Wholesome water
The followings are the requirements of

wholesome water:
* It should be free from bacteria
* It should be colorless and sparkling
* It should be free from test and odor
* free from objectionable matter
* It should not corrode pipes
* It should have dissolved oxygen and should
be free from carbonic acid.

Layout of Water Supply Project

Activities performed:

- Selection of intake site including pumping

plant,
- Conveyance of water to the treatment plant
units,
- water treatment units
- Storage of treated water in underground and
overhead tanks,
-Distribution of water.

A complete outline of Water Supply Scheme

THE END