Mosquito-borne

diseases
Dengue
Malaria
Chikungunya
Filariasis

SPECIES

DISEASE

Aedes aegypti

Dengue, DHF and

Chikungunya

Aedes albopictus

Dengue and DHF

Aedes poecilius

Bancroftian filariasis

Anopheles flavirostris

Malaria, bancroftian
filariasis

Mansonia bonnea

Brugian filariasis

Mansonia uniformis

Brugian filariasis

SPECIES
Mansonia annulata

Brugian filariasis

Mansonia longipalpis

Brugian filariasis

Mansonia Indiana

Brugian filariasis

Culex
tritaeniorhynchus

Japanese encephalitis

Culex quenquifasciatus Canal/pest mosquito

DENGUE
Philippines
As of 31 December, 2015, there were 200,415
suspected cases of dengue, including 598 deaths,
reported in Philippines. This is 64.8% higher
compared with the same reporting period in 2014
(n=121,580) (Figure 3). From 27 to 31 December,
2015 (week 52), there were 136 suspected cases of
dengue reported.
The rainy season in the Philippines has become
synonymous dengue outbreak season.

WHAT IS DENGUE?
Dengue is a viral disease
It istransmitted by the infective bite of Aedes
Aegyptimosquito
Man develops disease after 5-6 days of being bitten by an
infective mosquito
Infected person with Dengue becomes infective to
mosquitoes 6 to 12 hours before the onset of the disease
and remains so up to 3 to 5 days.
There are 4 distinct, but closely related, serotypes of the
virus that cause dengue (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN4).
Recovery from infection by one provides lifelong
immunity against that particular serotype.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

(DENGUE FEVER)
Abrupt onset of high fever
Severe frontal headache
Pain behind the eyes which worsens with
eye movement
Muscle and joint pains
Loss of sense of taste and appetite
Measles-like rash over chest and upper limbs
Nausea and vomiting

3 types of dengue fever

1. Uncomplicated dengue fever

start within a week after being infected.

very high fever, up to 105F, severe headache, pain
behind the eye, severe joint andmuscle pain, nausea and
vomiting and a rash.
2. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
all thesymptomsof classic dengue plus severe damage
to the blood vessels. Bleeding from the nose, gums or
under the skin arecommon.
3. Dengue Shock Syndrome
all of the abovesymptomsplus; fluid leaking outside of
blood vessels, massive bleeding and shock.

Aedes Aegypti
Feeding Habit
Mainly feeds on human
beings in domestic and
peridomestic situations

It is a small, black mosquito

with white stripes and is
approximately 5 mm in size.
It takes about 7 to 8 days to
develop the virus in its body
and transmit the disease.

Day biter; bites repeatedly

Resting Habit

Rests in the domestic and peridomestic situations

Restsin the dark corners of the houses, on hanging objects like
clothes, umbrella, etc. or under the furniture
Breeding Habits
Aedes aegyptimosquito breeds in anytype of man made containers
or storage containers having even a small quantity of water
Eggs ofAedes aegyptican live without water for more then one year

treatment
There is no specific treatment for dengue
fever.
For severe dengue, medical care by
physicians and nurses experienced with
the effects and progression of the disease
can save lives decreasing mortality
rates from more than 20% to less than
1%. Maintenance of the patient's body
fluid volume is critical to severe dengue
care.

CHIKUNGUNYA
Chikungunya virus is endemic in the
Philippines. Most cases of Chikungunya in
the Philippines are reported in the centre
and south of the country.
Cases of Chikungunya fever had been
reported in the following regions:
Soccksargen, Zamboanga Peninsula,
Caraga, and Ilocos Norte.

WHAT IS CHIKUNGUNYA?
Chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted to humans by infected
mosquitoes. It causes fever and severe joint pain. Other symptoms
include muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue and rash.
Joint pain is often debilitating and can vary in duration.
The disease shares some clinical signs with dengue, and can be
misdiagnosed in areas where dengue is common.
There is no cure for the disease. Treatment is focused on relieving
the symptoms.
The proximity of mosquito breeding sites to human habitation is a
significant risk factor for chikungunya.
appear between 4 and 7 days after the patient has been bitten by
the infected mosquito
Recovery from an infection will confer life-long immunity

transmission
Chikungunya is caused by the chikungunya virus, which is
classified in the family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus.
The virus is transmitted from human to human by the bites of
infected female mosquitoes. Humans are thought to be the
major source, or reservoir, of chikungunya virus for
mosquitoes.Therefore, the mosquito usually transmits the
disease by biting an infected person and then biting someone
else.An infected person cannot spread the infection directly to
other persons (i.e. it is not a contagious disease). Most
commonly, the mosquitoes involved areAedes
aegyptiandAedes albopictus. These mosquitoes can be found
biting throughout daylight hours, though there may be peaks of
activity in the early morning and late afternoon. Both species
are found biting outdoors, butAe. aegyptiwill also readily feed
indoors.
After the bite of an infected mosquito, onset of illness occurs
usually between 4 and 8 days but can range from 2 to 12 days.

s/sx
very similar to those of dengue fever
there is no hemorrhagic or shock syndrome
form.
mostly affects adults
No deaths recorded
high fever, joint and muscle pain, and
headache.
joint pain may last for months or years and
may become a cause of chronic pain and
disability

treatment
There is no specific antiviral drug
treatment for chikungunya. Treatment is
directed primarily at relieving the
symptoms, including the joint pain using
anti-pyretics, optimal analgesics and
fluids. There is no commercial
chikungunya vaccine.

MALARIA
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. It is
usually acquired through the bite of an infected
female Anopheles mosquito. It can be transmitted
in the following ways:
(1) blood transfusion from an infected individual;
(2) sharing of IV needles; and
(3) transplacental (transfer of malaria parasites
from an infected mother to its unborn child).
This parasite-caused disease is the 9thleading
cause of morbidity in the country.

symptoms
Typically, malaria produces fever, headache,
vomiting and other flu-like symptoms.
The parasite infects and destroys red blood cells
resulting in easy fatigue-ability due to anemia,
fits/convulsions and loss of consciousness.
Parasites are carried by blood to the brain
(cerebral malaria) and to other vital organs.
Malaria in pregnancy poses a substantial risk to
the mother, the fetus and the newborn infant.
Pregnant women are less capable of coping with
and clearing malaria infections, adversely
affecting the unborn fetus.

Lymphatic Filariasis
Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic infection that can
result in an altered lymphatic system and the
abnormal enlargement of body parts, causing pain,
severe disability and social stigma.
One of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD)
Do not cause death but permanent and long term
disability
The painful and profoundly disfiguring visible
manifestations of the disease, lymphoedema,
elephantiasis and scrotal swelling occur later in life
and lead to permanent disability. These patients are
not only physically disabled, but suffer mental, social
and financial losses contributing to stigma and
poverty.

transmission
2 types of filaria worms:
Wuchereria bancrofti, responsible for 90% of the cases
Brugia malayi, causes most of the remainder of the cases
Infection occurs when filarial parasites are transmitted to
humans through mosquitoes.
Lymphatic filariasis is transmitted by different types of
mosquitoes, for example theCulexmosquito that is
widespread across urban and semi-urban areas; the
Anopheles mainly in rural areas, and Aedes, mainly in
endemic islands in the Pacific.
Adult worms lodge in the lymphatic system and disrupt the
immune system. The worms can live for an average of 6-8
years and, during their life time, produce millions of
microfilariae (immature larvae) that circulate in the blood.

Lymphatic Filariasis in PH
Bancroftian filariasis is endemic to southern
Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Palawan, Samar,
Leyte, Sorsogon and Bohol.
As of 2004, 39 of 79 provinces are endemic.
Both forms of filariasis (W. bancrofti and B.
malayi) coexist in only four provinces: Davao
Oriental, Palawan, Eastern and Northern
Samar 6 and Surigao del Sur.
Local vectors are Anopheles minimus
flavirostris, Aedes poicilius , Culex
quinquefasciatus and Ochlerotatus niveus.

Signs and Symptoms

Filariasis involves asymptomatic, acute
and chronic conditions.
Asymptomatic infection
Most infected people are asymptomatic
and will never develop clinical symptoms.
Patients have no symptoms but
microfilaria can be detected in peripheral
blood smears.

Acute Infection
Fever and painful lymphadenopathy in the groin and
axillae.
Affected areas being painful, tender, red and swollen usually the result of superimposed bacterial infection.
Chronic Infection
This is manifested by lymphoedema, elephantiasis
and lesions of the genitourinary system.
The lower limbs are most commonly involved - but
the upper limbs, genitalia and breast in females may
also be involved.

Treatment
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC); 12-day
treatment of DEC (6mg/kg/day)
- Ivermectin and Onchocerciasis
- Microfilaricidal (kills microfilaria) but not
macrofilaricidal
- Treatment for hydrocele is surgery