Overview of Wastewater

Treatment
1. PURPOSE OF TREATMENT

6. PRELIMINARY TREATMENT

2. SOURCE OF
WASTEWATER

7. PRIMARY TREATMENT

3. WASTEWATER
COLLECTION SYSTEM

8. SECONDARY TREATMENT

4. TYPICAL TREATMENT
FACILITIES

9. TERTIARY TREATMENT

5. INFLUENT

10. DISINFECTION &

EFFLUENT DISCHARGE

11. SOLIDS HANDLING

1. PURPOSE OF TREATMENT
1.01 To remove these pollutants from water,
so that it can be used again. Wastewater
treatment should :
prevent health hazzard
Protect drinking water supplies
Provide suitable water for reacreational uses
Protect the ecology of stream, lakes, and
other bodies of water into which waste
water discharged

Water cycle : natural and man-made

1. PURPOSE OF TREATMENT
1.02 Wastewater treatment helps to
control these and other disease
effectively.
1.03 To reduce water has an
unpleasant odor and fit as drinking
water supply
1.04 To minimize the time and space
necessary for removing pollutants from
water.

2. SOURCE OF WASTEWATER
1.05 Domestic, source include water
for normal activity in homes,
businesses, and institutions.
1.06 Industrial, source same domestic
but contain toxic substance or high
percentages of organic materials or
solid
1.07 Storm, low pollutants from plants

3. WASTEWATER COLLECTION
SYSTEM
1.08 Collection system is the network of pipe carrying
wastewater to treatment a plant. Components :
House connection (transport waste from dwelling to piping
network)
Lateral (smallest pipes of the network)
Main or trunk (sewers which receive flow from several
laterals)
Interceptor (major sewer lines picking up from trunk and
mains and transporting)
Manholes (give access to the system for inspection and
maintenance)
Lift stations or pump installations(located at low areas of
the system)

3. WASTEWATER COLLECTION
SYSTEM
1.09 Infiltration is water that seeps
into collection network because of root
intrusion, broken pipes, or joint failure.
1.10 Inflow is in some areas, roof
drains and catch basins are directly
connected to the collection system

4. TYPICAL TREATMENT FACILITIES

The general principles in wastewater
treatment is to remove pollutants from
the water by getting the either to
settle or to float, and then removing
this material.

4. TYPICAL TREATMENT
FACILITIES
A modern wastewater treatment plant may
include these stages :
1. Influent
2. Preliminary treatment
3. Primary treatment
4. Secondary treatment
5. Tertiary treatment
6. Disinfection and effluent discharge
7. Solid handling
8. Sidestreams

gambar

5. Influent
Influent is the raw material that has
been collected and conveyed to the
plant for treatment. It include all the
water and debris
The operator must know the rate of
flow of the influent by measuring or
metering.
Gambar typical variations in sewage

6. Preliminary treatment
(First Stage of Purification)
Purpose : remove large object from
wastewater
Three Processes :
1. Screening (Large object such as
sticks, rags, and orange peels, etc)
2. Grinding (Debris to a size small)
3. Grit removal (Remove sand, gravel,
and other heavy debris)

6. Preliminary treatment
(First Stage of Purification)
Comminutors or Barminutors is Water
facilites combine the screening and
grinding operations.
Gambar

7. Primary treatment / Clarifiers

(Sedimentations Basins or Settling Tanks)
The purpose is to remove most of the solids
still suspended in the wastewater. Example :
silt, clay, algae, bacteria, and so on.
Particles heavier than water sink to bottom,
forming primary sludge.(removed and
pumped)
Particles lighter than water float to the
surface, forming scum. (scraped)
The primary clarifires over flow is called
primary effluent.

8. Secondary treatment
The purpose is converts most of the unsettable
material remaining in the wastewater to a settable
form. Several variations treatments:
1. Activated sludge
2. Trickling filtration
3. Activated biofiltration
4. Rotating biological contactors
5. Lagoons
All the variation have one thing in common. The
utilize a mixture of microoganisms, whizh grow and
produce a stable biological mass.

Gambar mikroorganisme

1. Activated sludge (A Suspended

Growth System)
In this proccess a quantity of
biological with its microorganisms
Mixed liquor is the wastewater and
activated sludge. Place in a basin
which is supplied with aeration
system. Two purpose : mixes and
provides.

 Gambar activated sludge pro

2. Trickling filtration (Fixed-Growth

System)
Process same as in the activated
sludge but one different.
In the activated sludge, the biological
mass move with wastewater.
In trickling filtration, the biological
mass stays in one spot and the water
trickles over.

Gambar trcikling
Process
1. The biological mass takes the form of
slime layer covering the rock.
2. The wastewater percolates through the
medium, the microorganisms in the slime
consume and remove dissolveed and
colloidal matter
3. The sloughings are carried away with the
treated wastewater to a secondary
clarifier.

Activated biofiltration
Activated biofiltration is a tower, usually
made of wood, over which is sprayed a
mixture of wastewater and activated
sludge.
Aeration occurs by natural ventilation of
the tower as droplets splash from one layer
to the next
A thick slime grows on the tower and
readily sloughs off, adding to the
circulating biological mass

 Gambar activated biofilter

Rotating biological contactors

Rotating biological contactors consists of a
group of plastic disks mounted on shafts and
partially immersed in wastewater.
A thick slime grows on the rotating disks.
A thin film of wastewater momentarily coats
and flow across.
The slime is exposed air, providing the
oxygen necessary for biological stabilization
Sloughing naturally regulates the quantity of
biological mass on the disks

Gambar rotating biological

Lagoons
Lagoons biologically break down organic
matter and remove suspended solid from
wastewater.
Purification is much slower than for other
methods of secondary treatment
Long holding time are provided, during
which the wastewater is stabilized by
aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms.
The treated wastewater leaves the lagoon,
it is usually disinfected.

Gambar lagoon

9. Tertiary treatment
(Third stage or Advanced wastewater
treatment)
The purpose is removes pollutants
that were not removed or rendered
harmless by earlier treatment
process.
Process often focus on the removal of
nitrates, phophates, sulfates, and
other inorganic compounds. Ang
organic compund such as pesticides

 Gambar typical chemical tertiary

Coagulants alum and ferric chloride
Polymers used to aid in the capture of
fine solid
Rapid sand filters used to remove
suspended solid

 Gambar example lime may be adde

to raw wastewater to remove
phosphates or to adjust to pH

10. Disinfection and effluent

discharge
The purpose is to prevent to spread
of waterborne disease.
Added to the water and held long
enough to kill most of pathogens that
survived earlier treatment steps.
Example Chlorine is most widely
used disinfectant

Effluent discharge
Is tested before charge to see if it
meets government standarts.
Help determine how efficiently the
planting
Effluent is usually discharged into
receiving waters.

11. Solid handling

The purposes:
To reduce the number orf harmful
organisms in the sludge
To control offensive odors
To reduce the volume and weight of
the sludge

Sludge contain a high percentage of

organic material, which be stabilized
before disposal. The most common two
method are
1. Anaerobic digestion
2. Aerobic digestion

 Gambar basic sludge handling

alternatives