4TH YEAR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ENGLISH PROJECT

CLUTCHES & BRAKES

REALIZED BY:
2015/2016
- CHAHBAN ILIAS

YEAR:

1. INTRODUCTION

The industrial world with its different fields needs different mechanical
engines help which are supplied by energy sources (electrical engines).
In order to transmit that energy from the engine to the machine working
parts, we use mechanical transmissions.
The latter are performed usually with speed and effort changes.

Keys to effective control and transmission of drive torque, speed, and

power in many rotating drive systems are clutches and brakes. Their
function is either to transfer torque from an input shaft to an output
shaft (clutching), or to stop and hold a load (braking).

Though offered as separate components, their functions are often

combined into a single unit referred to as a clutch-brake.

2. DEFINITION AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF

CLUTCHES
Clutches : serve to connect and disconnect two collinear
shafts of a gear when the vehicle is stationary and the
engine is running.
Similar to couplings.
Friction and hence heat dissipation.

TYPES OF CLUTCHES
jaw clutch
positive
contact
clutche
toothed clutch

mechanical
disc clutch

pneumatic
clutches

friction
clutches

cone clutch

hydraulic
centrifugal clutch

electromagnetic

 DISC CLUTCHES
o This type of clutch consists of two flanges, one flange is rigidly to the driving shaft and other flange fitted
to the driven shaft feather key or splines.
o Disc clutches can consist of single or multiple discs, in simplest form there is a clutch with a single disc
witch is used in automobiles, figure1.
o In more complex designs there is the multiple disc clutch which is used when a large torque transmission is
required, figure2.

Figure 1. Disc clutch

clutch

Figure 2. Multiple disc

CONE CLUTCH

o A cone clutch Figure.3 as shown below consists of two cones, one internal cone fixed to
the driven shaft and another cone fitted on the driven shaft.
o The operating lever used only for disengagement of the clutch.
o The main advantage of cone clutch over the disc clutch is very simple and required less
axial pressure to disengaged the clutch.

Figure 3. Clone clutch

3. DEFINITION AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF

BRAKES

Brakes: serve to adjust or to stop the rotation of a shaft.

Braking action is produced by friction as a stationary part bears
on a moving part.
Heat dissipation (calorific energy due the friction) is a problem.
Brake fade during continuous application of braking due to heat
generated.

TYPES OF BRAKES
Block brake

Brakes

Mechanical

Band brake

Electrical

Internal or
external
expanding shoe
brake

Hydraulic

 SINGLE BLOCK OR SHOE BRAKE

--It consists of a block or shoe as shown in figure .4, which is pressed against the rim of a revolving
brake wheel drum.
-- The block is made of a softer material than the rim of the wheel. The friction between the block and
the wheel causes a tangential braking force to act on the wheel, which retard to rotation of the wheel.
-- The block is pressed against the wheel by a force applied to one end of a lever to which the block is
rigidly fixed.

Figure 4. Single block brake

 SIMPLE BAND BRAKE

o A band brake consist of a flexible band of leather, one or more ropes, or a steel lined with
friction material, which embraces a part of the circumference of the drum. A band brake, as
shown in fig.5 is called a simple band brake.
o This type of brake is used in civil construction equipment and also in automobiles as hand
brake.

Figure 5. Simple band brake

 INTERNAL EXPANDING BRAKE

oA internal expanding brake as shown in Fig.6 consist of two shoes.
oThe outer surface of the shoe are lined with some friction material to increases the coefficient of
friction and to prevent wearing away of the metal.
oEach shoe is pivoted at one end about a fixed fulcrum and other end rests against cam.
oWhen the cam rotates, the shoes are pushed outwards against the rim of the drum. The friction
between shoe and the drum produce the braking torque and hence reduces the speed of the drum.
oThis type of brake is commonly used in motor cars and light trucks.

Figure 6. internal expanding brake

4. DIFFERENT COMMAND SYSTEMS OF CLUTCHES

AND BRAKES
IN CASE OF CLUTCHES
The command can be:
_ By cable (old and small two-wheelers, circuit of braking of the old
automobiles and the handbrake of certain current automobiles); _ By possibly
assisted hydraulic system that is pressurizing a liquid, (motor vehicle, certain
two-wheelers); _ By pneumatic circuit (trucks, trains); _ By electric circuit
( certain hybrid vehicles); _ By mechanical circuit (for example, commanded by
rods and levers on certain bicycles).

IN CASE OF BRAKES
The command can be:
_ Mechanics (cable or rod); _ Hydraulics and oleo-pneumatic (the most spread
on the vehicles of the heavy group); _ Electrics (for example, on vehicles that
require frequent stops: collection
garbage); _ Centrifugal (in this case the command is not direct but not led by
the action on the accelerator) ; _ Electronics (on the automated gearboxes, the
clutch pedal is eliminated, but the clutch always still exists);

5. MATERIAL OF FRICTION SURFACES

The material used for lining of friction surfaces of clutches and brakes
should have the following characteristics:
1. It should have a high and uniform coefficient of friction between (0,1) and
(0,6), and to keep it independently of the speed, of the pressure and the
temperature.
2. It should not be affected by moisture and oil.
3. It should have the ability to withstand important efforts and high
temperatures (of the order of 600 to 700 C) caused by slippage.
4. It should have high heat conductivity.
5. It should have high resistance to wear and scoring without affecting the
friction surface.
6. It should not produce noise or chattering.
7. It should have the ability to recover the coefficient of friction after
anchorage (wetting).

6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF

COMBINING SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES

Clutches and Brakes generally have much lower inertia than the prime mover in
a typical situation, thus they can be used to produce much higher rates than the
designer could obtain by merely turning the prime mover on and off.

Another advantage of the combined system is that acceleration and

deceleration can often be programmed or limited in some clutch-brake systems. _
Dampers are often required to quiet undesired oscillations in a system following
rapid index motions, however, in clutch-brake systems, damping is free since a
brake is also an excellent damper!

DISADVANTAGES

One disadvantage of clutch-brake system is their cost, although we must hasten

to add that cost must always be related to performance, life, etc.

Finally there is the problem of control. The designer must arrange to sequence
both clutch and brake properly. He does not want to energize both at once. At the
least, this would result in a serious inefficiency in the system. In many eases it
could also cause several damage to the clutch or/and to the brake.

7. LUBRIFICATION
Main methods of lubrication:
o Splash lubrication
o Grease lubrication
o Lubrication by oil circulation
o Oil mist lubrication
o Drip lubrication

a hub

Lubricating the teeth of

8.
CONCLUSION
What
are the best Clutches/Brakes to choose for our cares?
o Clutches and brakes are keys element of the transmission. As usual,
everything is a matter of compromise: find the right price / quality ratio.
Choosing the right clutches and brakes, as well as their controls, will keep
machines running for a long time.
o Often times, and accordingly to the criteria I have mentioned in the
Material for Friction Surfaces part, the best material to choose is an
organic material, he offers a great combination of high static friction, low
dynamic friction, and good fade temp.

Table2. Most used materials in

Clutches/Brakes systems

Thank you for your attention !