Professional Documents
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SYSTEM
Data, Database and Database
Systems
• Data – Collection of raw facts and figures .
• Disadvantages
– Data Redundancy & Inconsistency
– Difficulty in Accessing data
– Data Isolation
– Integrity Problems
– Atomicity Problems
– Concurrent Access Anomalies
– Security Problems
Data Abstraction
• The major purpose of a database system is to provide
users with an abstract view of the system.
• Database Instance
The information in a database at a particular point in
time
Data Independence
• The ability to modify a scheme definition in one level without
affecting a scheme definition in a higher level.
• 3 Types
– Data Definition Language (DDL)
Used to specify a database scheme
DDL statements are compiled, resulting in a set of tables
stored in a special file called a data dictionary
The data directory contains metadata (data about data)
DBMS – Component contd…
• Scheme definition
• Storage structure and access method definition
• Scheme and physical organization modification
• Granting of authorization for data access
• Integrity constraint specification
DBMS – Users contd…
• Application Programmers
computer professionals interacting with the system through application programs written in a
host language.
• Sophisticated users
Interact with the system without writing programs. They form requests by writing queries in a
database query language.
DBMS – Users contd…
• Specialized users
Sophisticated users writing special database application programs.
These may be CADD systems, knowledge-based and expert
systems, complex data systems (audio/video), etc.
• Naive users
Unsophisticated users who interact with the system by using
permanent application programs (e.g. automated teller machine).
DBMS – Advantages
• Data independence
• Data administration
Banking
•
Airlines
•
Universities
•
Credit card transaction
•
Telecommunication
•
Finance
•
Sales
•
Manufacturing
•
Human Resource
•
What is ERP ?
ERP is a
solution,
which
Facilitates company-wide
integrated information systems,
covering all functional areas.
Sales,
Distribution, Integrated
Order
Management Customer/ Logistics
Employee
Human Accounting
Resources and Finance
Service Finance
ERP
Sales Manufacturing
Inventory
& Supply
The Cost of ERP
An ERP implementation is like the corporate
of a brain transplant.
We Pulled the plug on every company
application and moved to PeopleSoft software.
The risk was certainly disruption of
business, because if you do not do ERP
properly, you can kill your company,
guaranteed. Hardware
12%
Software
Reengineering 15%
43%
Modular Implementation
The method of modular implementation goes
after one ERP module at a time. This limits the
scope of implementation usually to one
functional department.
This approach suits companies that do not
share many common processes across
departments or business units.
Independent modules of ERP systems are
installed in each unit, while integration of ERP
modules is taken place at the later stage of the
project. This has been the most commonly used
Implementation Methodologies Cont….
Modular Implementation
Process-Oriented Implementation
IT focus on the support of one or a few
critical business processes which involves a
few business units.
The process-oriented implementation may
eventually grow into a full-blown
implementation of the ERP system.
The initial customization of the ERP system is
limited to functionality closely related to the
intended business processes.
This approach is utilized by many small to
mid-sized companies which tend to have less
complex internal business processes.
Critical Successful Factors of
ERP Implementation
Implementation of an ERP system is a major
investment and commitment for any
organizations.
The size and complexity of the ERP projects are
the major factors that impact the cost of ERP
implementations.
Different companies may implement the same
ERP software in totally different approaches and
the same company may integrate different ERP
software applications by following the same
procedures.
However, there are factors common to the
Success Factors Cont.
Project Planning
Architectural Design
Data Requirements
Phased Approach
Data Conversion
Organization Commitments
Success Factors Cont.
Project Planning
ERP implementation starts with project
planning - setting project goals,
identifying high level business
requirements, establishing project teams
and estimating the project costs.
Architectural Design
7.Lack of training