INTERNET

TECHNOLOGY
 Internet
• Internet is a world wide collection of separate but
interconnected networks that are accessed daily by
millions of people to obtain information, disseminate
information or communicate with others.

• Combination of two words –

Interconnection and Networks.
 Internet contd…
• Consists of thousands of separately administered
networks.

• This high level of connectivity encourages an

unparalleled degree of communication, resource
sharing and information access.

• The Internet carries messages, documents, programs

and data files that contain every kind of information for
businesses, educational institutions, government
agencies and individuals
 History and Evolution

• 1960 – US Department of Defence created a network

ARPANET (Advance Research Projects Agency
Network) to link US scientific and academic
researchers.

• 1970 – ARPA developed a new protocol TCP/IP for

transferring data between networks.
 History and Evolution contd …

• 1980- National Science Foundation (NSF) used ARPANET

to connect 5 regional supercomputers centres at major
universities so users could share their work.

• Hundreds of college and university networks were

connected to ARPANET. Students were granted access to
ARPANET.

• ARPANET evolved to Internet

 History and Evolution contd…

• 1990 – Development of WWW

• 1980 – 100 computers were connected to Internet.

• In 2001 – 60 million computers were connected to

Internet
 Internet Governance

• Nobody owns the Internet.

• There are some governing bodies overseeing the

technical aspects of Internet.

• These bodies defines how Internet works and how

new technology is to be implemented.
 Internet Governance contd…

• Internet Society (ISOC) – concerned with growth

and evolution of Internet.

• Internet Architecture Board (IAB) – concerned

oversight of the architecture of the Internet.

• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) –

provides technical and other contributions to the
engineering and evolution of Internet
 Internet Governance contd…

• Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC)

– domain name registration

• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) – develop

protocols for evolution of WWW.
Internet, Intranet and Extranet
• Intranet

Private and secure internal information system which

uses Internet technology to collect
and disseminate information of interest to all staff
 Internet, Intranet and Extranet contd…

Company
network
Firewall

Web
Web browser
browser
 Internet, Intranet and Extranet contd…
Internet VS Intranet
 Internet  Intranet
 Public Network • Private Network
 External websites • Internal websites
 E-Commerce •Commutation & Information
access
 Insecure
• Secure
 TCP/IP
• TCP/IP
 Limited management
• Managed
 Accessible to all
Accessible to authorized users
•

only
Internet Intranet Internet, Intranet and Extranet contd…

• Speed – Slower Speed – Faster

• Bandwidth – More Bandwidth – Less

• Not owned by anyone Owned by the Company

• Used by general public Used by employees

• Information : general Information: specific to company

 Internet, Intranet and Extranet contd…

• Extranet

An intranet that is at least partially accessible to

authorized outsiders is called an Extranet.

Extranets are usually accessed via Internet, and can be

used to provide customers and business partners with
access to the data they need.
 Internet Concepts
Client Server Technology
• Internet is based on Client-Server technology.

• The Internet consists of two types of computers Servers

and Clients.

• Computers that read the information offered are called

Clients.

• Clients run Web Browser

 Client Server Technology contd…

• Servers
a) Respond to Client requests for information
b) Accept data from clients
c) Provide gateway to other computers to access
the Internet
d) Provide a physical location where several
domains can be hosted

Server runs a special software known as Web Server

Software
 Internet Concepts contd…

Addressing Schemes – IP Addresses and DNS

• IP Addresses

• Every machine connected to the Internet must have an address by

which it can be located on the Internet. – IP Address

• IP Address must be unique.

 IP Addresses contd…
• An IP address is a 32-bit number, divided into two
sections, the network number and the host number.

• The IP address is a set of numbers separated by dots.

202.100.17.32
01101110.01100100.10001.1000

• IP address – Physical Domain

 Internet Addressing schemes contd…

Domain Name System

• Worldwide system of distributed databases of names and

addresses of computers connected to Internet.

• DNS names are constructed in a hierarchical naming

fashion.

• The names of the domain describe organizational or

geographical relations.
 Domain Name System contd…
• Every computer on the Internet can have both a domain
name (Virtual Domain) and an IP address.

• DNS addresses have two parts : a host name followed

by a domain that generally identifies the type of
institution that uses the address.

ibm.com, amity.edu, songs.pk

• There are two types of domains – Geographic Domains
and Non-Geographic Domains
 Domain Name System contd…

• Non Geographic Domains

1. com – for commercial organisations (Business)

2. net – network resources (ISP)
3. gov – non military government organizations
4. edu – Educational organizations
5. mil – Military
6. org – other organization
 Domain Name System contd…
• Geographic Domains

au – Australia
ca – Canada
fr – France
uk – United Kingdom
in – India
il – Israel
pk - Pakistan
 Domain Name System contd…
• Some large institutions and corporations divide their
domain addresses into smaller subdomains.
boston.widgets.com

• Each domain name is registered with InterNIC.

• InterNIC checks whether the domain name is unique

and then accepts the registration. Registration is valid
for two years.
 Internet Concepts contd…
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

• An Internet address , usually beginning with http://, that uniquely

identifies a web page.

• http://www.rediffmail.com/index.html

http:// - standard protocol (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

www – world wide web
rediffmail.com – domain name
index.html – file name of the web page
 URL contd…
• Every single document on the web page has its own
unique URL.

• Type the URL in the address box of the browser and

the browser is directed to the document’s location.

• ftp:// - File Transfer Protocol

• https:// - Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol
 Internet Concepts contd…

• Internet Protocols

• The Internet works because every computer connected to it

uses the same set of rules and procedures – Protocols

• These protocols control timing and data format

• Internet uses TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol /

Internet Protocol
 Internet Protocols contd…

• TCP/IP

• Industry standard protocol suite for WAN developed in

1970s and 1980s by the US Department of Defense

• It is a routable protocol for connecting dissimilar

systems.

• TCP/IP suite consists of 2 protocols – TCP and IP

 Internet Protocols contd…

• IP
– Provides basic network connectivity
– Breaks data into packets – datagrams
– Routes the packet efficiently to its destination
TCP
– Error Checking
– Ordering the packets
– Removal of duplicate packets
– Recovery from lost packets
 Internet Protocols contd…

• HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

Protocol used by WWW
Makes communication possible between web client and
web server
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
Supports ability to transfer files between
dissimilar hosts
• TELNET
protocol for connecting a local computer to a
remote computer
 Using Internet contd…
Internet Connection

• Conventional Dial –Up

• Cable

• DSL

• Satellite

• Fixed Wireless

• Mobile Wireless
 Using Internet contd…

• Selecting an ISP
Services
Speed
Support
Cost

• Setting up your PC
Installation programme
 Internet Services

• The World Wide Web (www)

• Electronic Mail (e-mail)
• Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
• Newsgroups
• Telnet
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Internet Applications
• Online Content
• Videoconferencing
• VOIP
• Discussion Groups
• E- Business
• Online Entertainment
• Online Education and Writing
 Internet - Advantages
• Employment Opportunities
• High Speed
• 24*7
• Knowledge Reservoir
• Interactive Communication
• Business on the Internet
• Non biased
 Internet – Advantages contd..

• Direct contacts between customers and

organisations
• Reduction of Uncertainty
• Cost Effective
• Source of Entertainment
 Internet - Disadvantages
• Internet Crime
• Virus attacks
• Privacy Issues
• Pornography
• Physical Ailments
 E-Commerce
• Electronic commerce is doing commerce with the use of
computers, networks and commerce-enabled software (more
than just online shopping)

• E-business is a broader definition of EC that includes not

just the buying and selling of goods and services, but also
– Servicing customers
– Collaborating with business partners
– Conducting electronic transactions within an organization
– Pure vs. Partial EC: based on the degree of digitization of
product, process, delivery agent
 E-Commerce

• Transformation of economic activity into digital media

– Exchange information, content, agreements, and
services among parties that are connected to through
the Internet.

• Enables new ways of creating, delivering and capturing

value to customers.
– Superior information
– Convenience
 E Commerce : Types
• Business-to-business (B2B) : EC model in which all of
the participants are businesses or other organizations
• Business-to-consumer (B2C): EC model in which
businesses sell to individual shoppers
• Business-to-business-to-consumer (B2B2C): EC
model in which a business provides some product or service
to a client business; the client business maintains its own
customers, to whom the product or service is provided
• Consumer-to-business(C2B): individuals who use the
Internet to sell products or services to organizations and /or
seek sellers to bid on products or services they need
• Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) : consumers sell
directly to other consumers
 E Commerce : Types contd…

• Mobile commerce (m-commerce)—EC transactions

and activities conducted in a wireless environment

• Intrabusiness (organizational) EC: EC category that

includes all internal organizational activities that involve the
exchange of goods, services, or information among various
units and individuals in an organization

• Business-to-employee (B2E): EC model in which an

organization delivers services, information, or products to its
individual employees

• E-government: Government-to-citizens (G2C): EC model

in which a government entity buys or provides good,
services, or information to businesses or individual citizens
 E-Commerce : Technologies

• Internet • Access security

• Mobile technologies • Cryptographic security
• Web architecture • Payment systems
• Multimedia
• Search engines
 E Commerce : Advantages
• Increased sales
– Reach narrow market segments in geographically
dispersed locations
– Create virtual communities

• Decreased costs
– Handling of sales inquiries
– Providing price quotes
– Determining product availability

• Being in the space

 E-Commerce : Limitations
 There is a lack of universally accepted standards for
quality, security, and reliability
 The telecommunications bandwidth is insufficient
 Software development tools are still evolving
 There are difficulties in integrating the Internet and EC
software with some existing (especially legacy) applications
and databases.
 Special Web servers in addition to the network servers are
needed (added cost).
 Internet accessibility is still expensive and/or inconvenient
 Cultural and legal impediments
•
 E-Commerce : Applications
• Entertainment on Demand
• Home Shopping
• Online Banking
• Online publishing
• Supply Chain Management
• Quick Response Retailing
• E-Marketing
• E-governance
• M-Commerce