Leadership

Prof. Navin Shrivastava

 The ability to influence a
group towards the
achievement of goals.
 Following are the essential factors
that influence leaders:
 Self confidence
 A vision
 Ability to articulate the vision.
 Strong conviction about the vision.
 Behavior, ie out of the ordinary.
 Perceived as being a change agent.
 Environment sensitivity.
 Trait Theory of Leadership - Theories that
sort personality, social, physical or intellectual
traits that differentiated leaders from non-
leaders.
 Behavioral Theory of Leadership – Theories
proposing that specific behaviour differentiate
leaders from non leaders.
 Ohio state study – The study shows how leaders carry out
their leadership function. The theory specially stresses
upon two important factors which determine a leader :
 Initiating Structure – Extend to which a leader is lightly to
define and structure his/her role and those of subordinates
in the search for goal attainment.
 Consideration – Extend to which a leader is lightly to have
job relationship characterized by mutual trust, respect for
subordinates ideas, and regard for their feeling.
 University of Michigan has defined the
characteristics of leadership is based on two
dimensions. These are
 Employee oriented leaders – one who emphasis
on interpersonal relations.
 Production oriented leaders – one who emphasis
on technical or task aspects of the job.
 Study by Blake and Mouton –
 Further defined as Managerial Grid. It is 9 x 9
matrix outlining 81 different leadership styles.
 (1, 1) is defined Impoverished Management. In
this block the leaders who are having lowest
degree of concern for people and lowest degree
of concern for production are studied and
placed. It’s a kind of leadership where neither
the leaders are interested in productivity nor in
developing interpersonal relations.
 (1, 9) is defined as Country Club Management.
The leadership style which is discussed under
studies all those leader who have highest degree
of concern for people but lowest degree of
concern for production. These kinds of leaders
believe are defined as people oriented leaders.
 (9, 1) is Authority Obedience – These kinds of leaders in
which there is highest degree of concern for production and
lowest degree of concern for people. These kinds of leaders
are defined as task oriented leaders. They have impersonal
attitude towards people.
 (5, 5) is Organization Man Management - These kinds with
leadership styles have comfortable level of concern for
production and concern for people also and the block is also
defined as an equilibrium state where the leaders have
optimal managerial aptitude which provides organization a
comfortable group.
 (9, 9) is Team Management where the leaders have highest
degree of concern for people as well as highest degree of
concern for production. This is the best style of leadership
where you do have a mass appeal and utmost level of task
production achievement.
 Scandinavian Study –
 It’s a development oriented leaders. Further
defined as one who values experimentation,
seeking new ideas and generating and
implementing change.
 Contingency Theories
 Fidler theory/ Fidler Model by Fred Fidler – This
model contains the relationship between
leadership styles and the favorableness of this
situation. FCM (Fidler contingency model which is
defined as the theory that effective groups depend
upon a proper match between a leader style of
interacting with subordinates and the degree to
which the situation gives control and influence to
the leaders. He has further developed the tool to
identity the leadership quality which is known as
LPCQ (Least preferred coworker questionnaire). An
instrument that purports to measure whether a
person is task or relationship oriented.
 Cognitive resource theory – A theory of
leadership that states that a leader obtains
effective group performance by first making
effective plans, decisions and strategies and
then communicating them through directive
behavior.
 Situational leadership by Paul Hersey and Kem
Blanchard – A contingency theory that focuses
on follower’s readiness. Following are the
factors that determine the leadership qualities
that are discussed under this theory.
 Telling
 Selling
 Participating
 Delegating
 LMX theory (Leader member exchange theory) – It is
propounded by Gorge Graen. Leaders create in group and
out group and subordinates with in group status will have
higher performance ratings, less turnover and greater
satisfaction with their superiors.
 Path Goal Theory – Propounded by Robert House. The
theory that a leader’s behaviour is acceptable to
subordinates in so far as they viewed it as a source of either
immediate or future satisfaction.
 Leader Participation Model – Propounded by Victor
Vroom and Philip Yetton. A leadership theory that
provides a set of rules to determine the form and amount of
participative decision making in different situation.
 Modern Theory

 Attribution Theory – The attribution theory

proposes that leadership is merely an attribution
that people make about other individuals.
 Charismatic leadership – This kind of leadership
basically states that followers like attributions of
heroic or extra ordinary leadership abilities when
they observe certain behaviors.
 Types of leaders
 Transactional leaders – Leaders who guide or motivate
their followers in direction of established goals by
clarifying role and task requirement.
 Transformational leaders – Leaders who provide
individualize consideration and intellectual stimulation
and who possess charisma. Characteristics :
 Charisma
 Inspiration
 Intellectual stimulation
 Individualized consideration
THANK YOU