DATA COMMUNICATION

AND NETWORK
ECE482A

UNIT 1 : INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION 1
1-1 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION CONCEPTS
1-2 CIRCUIT BOARD FAMILIARIZATION

1-1 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

CONCEPTS

M1 SIGNAL
PWM

 Pulse amplitude modulation(PAM)-Is a form of signal modulation

where the message information is encoded in the amplitude of a
series of signal pulses. It is an analog pulse modulation scheme
in which the amplitudes of a train of carrier pulses are varied
according to the sample value of the message signal
Pulse time modulation(PTM)-is a form of signal modulation
where the message information is encoded onto the time axis of
a digital signal, it has two types:
1. Pulse width modulation(PWM)- the sample values of the analog
waveform are used to determine the width of the pulse signal.
2. Pulse position modulation(PPM)- the analog sample values
determine the position of a narrow pulse relative to the
clocking time

1-2 CIRCUIT BOARD

FAMILIARIZATION

DM

 Pulse code modulation(PCM)- is a method used to

digitally represent analog signals
Delta modulation(DM)- is an analog to digital and digital
to analog signal conversion technique used for
transmission of voice information

UNIT 2: PULSE AMPLITUDE

MODULATION(PAM)
2-1 PAM SIGNAL GENERATION
2-2 PAM SIGNAL DEMODULATION

2-1 PAM SIGNAL GENERATION

 A sampler circuit forms a PAM signal from an analog

message signal and a sample pulse signal.
The PAM signal consists of constant-width pulses with
amplitudes proportional to the amplitude of the
message signal at the time of sampling.

2-2 PAM SIGNAL DEMODULATION

 Demodulation is performed by detecting the amplitude

level of the carrier at every symbol period

UNIT 3: PAM TIME DIVISION

MULTIPLEXING
3-1 PAM TDM Transmission
3-2 PAM TDM Reception

3-1 PAM TDM Transmission

PAM

PAM-TDM

 Each TDM frame is divided into time slots using a Slot

Counter
The time slots are repeated for each frame
Each message signal is sampled in its own assigned
time slot
The ADDER combines the sample to form a PAM-TDM

3-2 PAM TDM Reception

 The sample/hold devices sample the PAM-TDM channel

during their assigned time slots, demultiplexing the
PAM-TDM signal into separate messages
The SLOT COUNTER clocks are recovered from PAM-TDM
channel ensuring consistent timing between transmitter
and receiver
The receiver's SLOT COUNER is synchronized with the
transmitter so that their time slots align

UNIT 4: PULSE TIME MODULATION

4-1 PTM SIGNAL GENERATION
4-2 PTM SIGNAL DEMODULATION

4-1 PTM SIGNAL GENERATION

PWM

PPM-PWM
staircase PAM-SH

 The width of a PAM signal varies directly with the

amplitude of the message signal
The position of a PPM signal varies directly with the
amlitude of the message signal
PWM signals are generated with the sample/hold, ramp,
adder, and comparator circuits
PTM signals are generated from PWM signals using a
pulse length circuit

4-2 PTM SIGNAL DEMODULATION

PWM
PPM

 The PTM demodulator converts the pulse time modulation

signal back into the PAM signal, by implementing low-pass
filtering.
The PTM demodulator consists of:
1. Input pulse shaper
2. Isolating circuit for synch.
3. Sample and hold element
4. Sawtooth generator
5. Demodulator filter

UNIT 5: PULSE CODE MODULATION

5-1 PCM SIGNAL GENERATION AND DEMODULATION
5-2 PCM SIGNALS TIME-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

5-1 PCM SIGNAL GENERATION AND

DEMODULATION

PCM

 A CODEC performs the analog-to-digital conversion

(encoding) for the transmission of PCM signals and
simultaneously performs the digital-to analog
conversion (decoding) on the received PCM signal
An 8KHz receive timing pulse enables the CODEC to
decode the 8-bit PCM code
The CODEC can use two companding laws: the A-law or
the -law

5-2 PCM SIGNALS TIME-DIVISION

MULTIPLEXING

DECODE PCM
SIMPLEX TARANSMISSION

 TDM is the process used to carry many digital

communications channels on the same transmission line
The period of time called for one PCM channel is called
time slot
A frame is a groop of repeating PCM signals assigned to
different time slots
The frequency of the CODEC's clock signal determines how
many PCM time slots are in a frame
The SR signal to the receiving CODEC occurs at the same
time as the SX signal to the transmitting CODEC

UNIT 6: DELTA MODULATION (DM)

6-1 DM TRANSMITTER
6-2 DM RECEIVER AND NOISE

6-1 DM TRANSMITTER
DM
Integrate DM

 An analog signal can be transmitted by one-bit DM

signal, a logic 1 indicates an amplitude increase, and
logic 0 decrease.
DM sampling frequencies of analog signals are from five
to ten times the Nyquist rate
A digital sampler and a feedback integrator compose
the DM transmitter
To produce a DM signal, a digital sampler compares the
amplitude of the message signal with the amplitude of
an integrated feedback signal

6-2 DM RECEIVER AND NOISE

 A basic DM receiver contains an integrator and low-pass

filter
Transmitter clock and synchronization signals are not
required for the DM receiver to recover the message signal
Quantization errors, which include slope overload,
quantization noise, and idling noise, can distort the
recovered message signal
Companding compresses a portion of the original message
signal and expands the recovered message signal in a DM
system

Unit 7: CHANNEL EFFECTS

7-1 CHANNEL BANDWIDTH
7-2 CHANNEL NOISE

7-1 CHANNEL BANDWIDTH

 A channel is used to convey an information signal from

one or several senders to one or several receivers.
Reducing the bandwithd of a channel increases its time
constant
The rise time of a pulse must be less than its width
Channel capacity increases with bandwitdh