Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Topic Outline
Introduction
Power Line Disturbances
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
General Discussion
Summary
Introduction
Purpose
What is an uninterruptible power supply (UPS)?
Why is it necessary to use a UPS?
PURPOSE
Interruption
Sag (under voltage)
Swell (over voltage)
Voltage fluctuation
Frequency variation
Spikes / transients
impulsive
oscillatory
Waveform distortion
dc offset
harmonics
Inter-harmonics
notching
noise
Voltage imbalance
INSTANTANEOUS
MOMENTARY
TEMPORARY
SUSTAINED
CYCLE OR LESS
CYCLE TO 3 SEC
3 SEC TO 1 MIN
GREATER THAN 1 MINUTE
UPS
Architectures
Waveforms
Inverter technology
Components
Switchover time
Advantages / disadvantages
Sizing
Battery safety
UPS
ARCHITECTURES
LINE INTERACTIVE
ON-LINE
LINE INTERACTIVE
UPS
AUTOMATIC
SWITCH
AC SUPPLY
BATTERY
CHARGER
CRITICAL
LOAD
(AC)
INVERTER
DC TO AC
BATTERY
AC FAIL
ADVANTAGES:
AC to DC converter / battery charger does not have to
provide full load power (potentially cheaper)
Less stress on dc-to-ac inverter since it runs at no load
until UPS switches to battery power (potentially cheaper)
ON-LINE UPS
AUTOMATIC
SWITCH
AC SUPPLY
CONVERTER
AC TO DC
INVERTER
DC TO AC
CRITICAL
LOAD
(AC)
BATTERY
INVERTER FAIL
ADVANTAGES:
Zero switchover time from main line to battery power
Always isolated from power disturbances on the main line
AC SUPPLY
(DC)
CONVERTER
AC TO DC
CONVERTER
DC TO DC
BATTERY
COMPONENTS
CONVERTER - AC TO DC
SPD (Surge Protection Device) - PROTECTS AGAINST
SPIKES AND TRANSIENTS
BATTERY
STORED ENERGY DEVICE - PROTECTS AGAINST
INTERRUPTIONS
INVERTER DC TO AC
WAVEFORM SYNTHESIS PROTECTS AGAINST DC OFFSET
AND INTERHARMONICS
FILTER PROTECTS AGAINST HARMONICS, NOTCHING AND
NOISE
VOLTAGE REGULATOR PROTECTS AGAINST SAGS,
SURGES AND FLUCTUATIONS
SWITCHOVER TIME:
MONITOR AND CONTROL HARDWARE /
Typical switchover time: 2 4 ms (one quarter cycle or less)
SOFTWARE
For some equipment, this is not tolerable
SIZING THE
UPS
Equipment ratings for loads:
Obtain ratings from nameplate or specification sheet
Energy usage may be specified in volt-amps (VA) or watts
(W) and in values that are either maximum or nominal
(VA) and (W) are related via power factor
Total UPS load must not exceed the UPS volt-amp (VA) rating
Total UPS load must not exceed the UPS watt (W) rating
Oversize / derate to add life
Runtime charts
BATTERY
SAFETY
MAINTENANCE
INSPECT PERIODICALLY
REPLACE AS NEEDED
RISKS
ACID
ELECTRIC SHOCK
BURN
FLYING, MOLTEN METAL (EYES)
INJURIES RESULTING FROM CARRYING HEAVY
BATTERY PACKS
DISPOSAL
DISPOSE OF PROPERLY
RECYCLE WHENEVER POSSIBLE
UPS Control
Typically the load is highly nonlinear and the voltage output of the
UPS must be as close to the desired sinusoidal reference as possible
SUMMARY
UPS SPECIFICATION CONSIDERATIONS
POWER QUALITY:
Architecture - line interactive or on-line
Waveform - square, modified sine, true
sine
Immunity to disturbances other than
outage
INITIAL COST