Lighting

overview
Lighting System is a major system in any electrical plan, as

engineers we must take into account in our designs the Jordanian

design standards (lux level, luminary type, lamp type etc.) to
have the most efficient and economic design.
In this factory we detect many problems such as:
1. They didnt satisfy lux level as Jordanian Lighting Code

recommendations.
2. They didnt use appropriate luminary type to satisfy the efficient
energy light.
3. They didnt use appropriate lamp type to satisfy the efficient
energy light.
4. They didnt distribute the lighting unit in recommended places to
give the most efficient lighting.

overview
To solve these problems we worked on redesigning lighting system

for the factory by using Dialux program and Philips Luminaries

once by using conventional luminaries and the other by using LED
luminaries to select the most appropriate luminaries and lamps to
satisfy the Jordanian Lighting Code recommendation and to give
the most energy efficient design.

Dialux
Dialux is the most important lighting design and lighting planning

program which used by architects, lighting designers, lighting and

lighting furniture experts worldwide.
It allows simulating light settings both indoors and outdoors; it
professionally calculates and checks all lighting parameters for
interiors and exteriors, roads and tunnels, providing clear and
accurate results according to the latest interior dcor regulations.
Lighting designers can then rely on a software system and on
constantly updated files, which allow choosing from the lighting
components manufactured by leading world manufacturers. The
luminaries (lamps, LED spotlights, floodlights, ceiling fixtures)
included in the program come with detailed descriptions and
technical specifications such as power rate, intensity and luminous
flux, luminance diagrams and isolux photometric curves.

:Some important definitions

1.

Lumen : The lumen is a standardized unit of measurement of the

total amount of light that is produced by a light source, such as a
bulb or tube.

2.

Lux : Lux is a standardized unit of measurement of the light

intensity (which can also be called ( luminance or illumination
) as an example for reference purposes and it can define as the
illumination of a surface one meter away from a single candle .

3.

Color rendering : Color rendering relates to the way objects

appear under a given light source. The measure is called the
"color rendering index", or CRI.A low CRI indicates than objects
may appear unnatural under the source, while a light with a high
CRI rating will allow an object's colors to appear more nature

The classification of luminaries

based on diffuser type :
Opal Diffuser :
This type is used to protect the luminary against Moisture
1.

The classification of luminaries

:based on diffuser type
2. Prismatic diffuser :

This type use to protect the luminary against

Dust

The classification of luminaries

:based on diffuser type
3. Louver diffuser :

This type use in offices to distribute light and

reduce the glare .

The classification of luminaries

:based on ceiling type
1. Surface Mounted Lighting :

The classification of luminaries

:based on ceiling type
2. Suspended Lighting :

Its used for high ceiling ( more than 6.5 m )

The classification of luminaries

based on ceiling type:
3. Recessed Lighting :

This type use when there is False Ceiling or

Gibson Board ceiling .

:Lamp classification
There is three basic lamp family :
A. Filament lamp .
B. Discharge lamps .
C. LED .

A.Filament Lamp
1. Incandescent
.incandescent lighting is a bad choice for energy saving projects ,

incandescent is the least efficient of another lighting lamp types.

.Approximately 90% of the energy that is consumed in an
incandescent lamp is release in the form of heat while only 10% is
converted to visible light , but its still the most cheap type .( 1 )
.Color rendering factor is amount 100% , but its not comfortable
for human eyes .

A.Filament Lamp
2. Halogen (Tungsten)
.Advantages :
I. Halogen lamps are low cost to produce .
II. Longer life than a conventional incandescent .
III. Instant on to full brightness , no warm up time , and it is

dimmable .

Halogen (Tungsten) Cont.

Disadvantages :

Extremely hot ( easily capable of causing severe burns if the lamp

is touched )
II. The lamp is sensitive to oils left by human skin , if we touch the
bulb with our bare hands the oil left behind will heat up once the
bulb is activated , this oil may cause an imbalance and result in a
rupture of the bulb .
III. Not as efficient as ( Metal Halide lamps ) .
I.

B. Gas Discharge Lamps :

This family has many different types , such as :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Fluorescent Lamps
High Pressure Sodium [HPS]
Low Pressure Sodium [LPS]
Low Pressure Mercury [LPM]
Metal Halide [ MBI ]

1. Fluorescent Lamps
This type has tow shapes :
I.

Fluorescent Tubes : the most famous types of fluorescent tubes

are TL-5 and TL-D

II.

Compact Fluorescent : The most famous types of Compact

Fluorescent are Integrated type and Non Integrated type .

I. Fluorescent Tubes
Fluorescent tube came in to dimension :
I. TL-D
II. TL-5

I. Fluorescent Tubes
I.

TL-D
Lumen

Tube Length

Consumption Power

1200 Lumen

60 cm

18 Watt

3000 Lumen

120 cm

36 Watt

5000 Lumen

150 cm

58 Watt

II. TL-5
Lumen

Tube Length

Consumption Power

1200 Lumen

60 cm

14 Watt

3000 Lumen

120 cm

28 Watt

5000 Lumen

150 cm

35 Watt

I.

Fluorescent Tubes

Final Comparison :
TL-D

TL-5

Type

Low Lm/W

High Lm/W

Lumen

Diameter : 35 mm

Diameter : 16 mm

Size

10,000 hours

30,000 hours

life time

High power

Low power

Watt

Low

High

Cost

II.
I.

Compact Florescent
Integrated type :

Low Lumen/watt
18 watt 900 Lumen

II. Non integrated

type :

High Lumen/watt
18 watt 1350 Lumen

2.

High Pressure Sodium [HPS]

Advantages :
1. Very efficient lamp .
2. Powerful lamp for use of large areas .
3. Lumen output does not drop with age ( such as in LEDs or

Incandescents ) .
.Disadvantages :
1. Worst color rendering of any lamp 20% .
2. Sodium is a hazardous material which can combust when

exposed to air (such as if the bulb is broken in the trash ) .

2. High Pressure Sodium [HPS]

3. Low Pressure Sodium [LPS]

This family has the same setting of High Pressure Sodium but with

better color rendering with 45% .

4. Low Pressure Mercury [LPM]

Advantages :
I. Good efficiency
II. Color rendering is better than high pressure sodium but still bad in

around
40 % .
III. Some lamps last far longer than 24,000 hour mark , sometimes
40 years .
. Disadvantages :
1. Like many lamps it contains traces of mercury which must be

disposed properly .
2. HPS streetlights have a better lumen per watt rating .
3. Human skin looks green under the light, it is poor for color
film/photography .
4. Warm up time required to start the lamp ( 2 ) .

4. Low Pressure Mercury [LPM]

5. Metal Halide [ MBI ]

Advantages :
I. Compared to high pressure sodium (SON) lamps, Metal halide

lamps offer similar advantages, but have different characteristics.

The efficacy of MBI lamps is comparable to that of SON lamps,
and they are available over a wider range of power ratings, 50 to
2000 W.
II. They have a cooler, whiter, color appearance than SON lamps.
They have better color rendering properties than SON lamps
around ( 70-90 ) %.

.Disadvantages :
I. A disadvantage of MBI lamps, when compared to SON lamps, is
that they have a shorter service life , this should be weighed
against the advantages of better color rendering ( 3 ) .

5. Metal Halide [ MBI ]

C.

LED

Today most efficient way of illumination and lighting, with an

estimated energy efficiency of 80%-90% when compared to

traditional lighting and conventional light bulbs. This means that
about 80% of the electrical energy is converted to light, while a
20% is lost and converted into other forms of energy such as heat.

C.

LED

Basic advantages of LED Light:

1. Energy efficient -LEDs are now capable of outputting 135
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.

lumens/watt .
Long Lifetime- 50,000 hours or more if properly engineered .
Rugged- LEDs are also called Solid State Lighting (SSL) as they are
made of solid material with no filament or tube or bulb to break .
No warm-up period- LEDs light instantly in nanoseconds .
Excellent Color Rendering- LEDs do not wash out colors like other light
sources such as fluorescents, making them perfect for displays and
retail applications .
Environmentally friendly- LEDs contain no mercury or other hazardous
substances .
Controllable- LEDs can be controlled for brightness and color
LEDs are ideal for use in applications that are subject to frequent on-off
cycling, unlike fluorescent lamps that burn out more quickly when
cycled frequently, or HID lamps that require a long time before
restarting .

C. LED
Disadvantages and challenges in using LEDs:
1.

2.

3.

LEDs are currently more expensive, price per lumen, on an initial

capital cost basis, than more conventional lighting technologies.
However, when considering the total cost of ownership (including
energy and maintenance costs), LEDs far surpass incandescent
or halogen sources and begin to threaten compact fluorescent
lamps.
LEDs must be supplied with the correct voltage and current at a
constant flow. This requires some electronics expertise to design
the electronic drivers.
LED performance largely depends on correctly engineering the
fixture to manage the heat generated by the LED, which causes
deterioration of the LED chip itself.

C. LED
Halogen

LED

Comparison

5k hrs

Compact
fluorescent
10k hrs

100k hrs

Life time

50

16

10

Watts per bulb

2.5

35

Cost per light (euro)

5.000

1.600

1.000

700

224

140

20

10

50

60

35

750

284

175

KWH of electricity used

over 100k hrs
Cost of electricity (euro) at
0.14 euro/KWH
No. of lights needed for
100K hrs use
Equivalent 100k hrs bulb
expense (euro)
Total cost per light for 100k
hrs (euro)

C. LED