INTRODUCTION OF NDT

Dye Penetrant Inspection

NDT METHODS

Penetrant Inspection
Magnetic Particle Inspection
Eddy Current Inspection
Ultrasonic Inspection
Radiographic Inspection

Dye Penetrant Inspection

Surface breaking defects only detected
Penetrant applied to the component and drawn into the defects by capillary
action
Applicable to all non- porous and non absorbing materials.
Penetrants are available in many different types
Water washable contrast
Solvent removable contrast
Water washable fluorescent
Solvent removable fluorescent
Post-emulsifiable fluorescent

Dye Penetrant Inspection

We use Non Destructive Testing (NDT) when we wish to
assess the integrity of a structure without destroying it
Types of NDT used are:
Dye penetrant inspection (PT)
Magnetic particle inspection (MT)
Radiographic inspection (RT)
Ultrasonic inspection (UT)

Dye Penetrant Inspection

Surface breaking defects only detected
Penetrant applied to the component and drawn
into the defects by capillary action
Applicable to all non- porous materials.

Dye Penetrant Inspection

First the work must be cleaned thoroughly, then a
penetrant is applied for a specified time
Once the contact time has elapsed, the penetrant is
removed and a developer is then applied
Any penetrant that has been drawn into a crack by capillary
action will be drawn out into the developer

Dye Penetrant Inspection

Dye Penetrant Inspection

Step 1. Pre-Cleaning
Cleaning preparation is very important on this method.
Usually solvent removal is been used

Dye Penetrant Inspection

Step 2. Apply penetrant
After the application of the penetrant the penetrant is normally
left on the components surface for approximately 15 minutes
(dwell time). The penetrant enters any defects that may be
present by capillary action

Dye Penetrant Inspection

Step 3. Clean off penetrant
After sufficient penetration time (dwell time) has been given,
excess removal penetrant stage take place. A damped lint free
tissue with solvent is used to clean the excess penetrant.

Dye Penetrant Inspection

Step 3. Apply developer
After the excess penetrant is been removed, a thin layer
of developer is applied.A penetrant drawn out by reversed
capillary action.

Dye Penetrant Inspection

Step 4. Inspection / development time
Inspection should take place immediately after the developer
has been applied .Any defects present will show as a bleed
out during development time.

Dye Penetrant Inspection

Step 5. Post-Cleaning
After the inspection has been performed post cleaning is
required to prevent corrosion.

Dye Penetrant Inspection

Apply Penetrant

Clean then apply

Developer

Result

Dye Penetrant Inspection

Fluorescent Penetrant

Bleed out viewed

under white light

Bleed out viewed

under a UV-A light
source

Colour contrast Penetrant

Dye Penetrant Inspection

Advantages
Simple to use
Inexpensive
Quick results
Can be used on any non-

Disadvantages

Surface breaking defect

only
little indication of depths
Penetrant may contaminate
porous material
component
Portability
Surface preparation critical
Low operator skill required Post cleaning required
Potentially hazardous
chemicals

Colour contrast Penetrant

Any Questions

 Penetrant dwell times are

usually
A.1-5 minutes
B.1-30 minutes
C.5-60 minutes
D.60-100 minutes

 When fluorescent penetrant inspection is

performed, the penetrant 1 materials are formulated
to glow brightly and to give off light at a
wavelength:
A.Close to infrared light
B.Close to the wavelength of x-rays
C.That the eye is most sensitive to under dim
D.lighting conditions In the red spectrum

 Which type of penetrant is a

fluorescent penetrant?
A.Type I
B.Type II
C.Type III
D.Type IV

 When removing water washable penetrant the

maximum water pressure 3 should be:
A.25 psi
B.40 psi
C.50 psi
D.70 psi

 Developers come in a variety of forms and can be

applied by:

A.Dusting
B.Dipping
C.Spraying
D.All of the above

 It is well recognized that machining, honing,

lapping and hand sanding 5 will result:
A.In a better penetrant inspection
B.In a longer dwell time in order to produce adequate
penetration of the penetrant
C.Longer dwell times
D.Metal smearing

 Which developer form is used for nonaqueous Type

I developer?

Form a
Form b
Form c
Form d

 Which penetrant method is easiest to use in the

field?

A.Fluorescent, post-emulsifiable
B.Visible dye, water washable
C.Visible dye, solvent removable
D.Fluorescent, water washable

Which type of penetrant is most

sensitive?
A.Type I
B.Type II
C.Type III
D.Type IV

Magnetic particle inspection (MT)

Surface and slight sub-surface detection
Relies on magnetization of component being tested
Ferro-magnetic materials only can be tested
Methods of applying a magnetic field, yoke, permanent magnet
and prods.
Any defect which interrupts the magnetic field, will create a
leakage field, which attracts the particles

Magnetic particle inspection (MT)

Collection of ink
particles due to
leakage field

Electro-magnet
(yoke) DC or AC

Crack like
indication
Prods
DC or AC

Crack like
indication

Magnetic particle inspection (MT)

First the work must be cleaned and a whitener applied for
contrast. A magnetic flux is then applied by permanent magnet,
electro magnet, or straight current
A magnetic ink is applied which will concentrate in areas of
flux leakage, as those caused by flaws
The weld length must be crossed at 90 by the magnetic field
The types of magnetic media used are:
1) Wet ink
2) Dry powder
Fluorescent ink

3)

Magnetic particle inspection (MT)

Contrast paint

Magnet & Ink

Result

Magnetic particle inspection (MT)

Magnetic particle inspection (MT)

Surface and slight sub-surface detection
Relies on magnetization of component being tested
Ferro-magnetic materials only can be tested
A magnetic field is introduced into a specimen being tested
Methods of applying a magnetic field, yolk, permanent
magnet, prods and flexible cables.
Fine particles of iron powder are applied to the test area
Any defect which interrupts the magnetic field, will create a
leakage field, which attracts the particles
Any defect will show up as either a dark indication or in the
case of fluorescent particles under UV-A light a green/yellow
indication

Magnetic particle inspection (MT)

Collection of ink
particles due to
leakage field

Electromagnet
(yolk) DC or
AC

Prods
DC or
AC

Crack
like
indicati
on

Crack
like
indicati
on

Magnetic particle inspection (MT)

A crack like
indication

Magnetic particle inspection (MT)

Alternatively to contrast inks, fluorescent inks may be used

for greater sensitivity. These inks require a UV-A light source
and a darkened viewing area to inspect the component

Magnetic particle inspection (MT)

Typical sequence of operations to inspect a
weld
Clean area to be tested
Apply contrast paint
Apply magnetisism to the component
Apply ferro-magnetic ink to the component
during magnetising
Interpret the test area
Post clean and de-magnatise if required

Magnetic Particle Inspection

Advantages
Simple to use
Inexpensive

Rapid results
Little surface
preparation required

More sensitive than

visual inspection

Disadvantages

Surface or slight subsurface detection only

Magnetic materials
only
No indication of
defects depths
Detection is required
in two directions

Any Questions

Ultrasonic inspection (UT)

Ultrasonic inspection
(UT)

Ultrasonic inspection (UT)

This detection method uses high frequency sound waves,
typically above 2MHz to pass through a material
A probe is used which contains a piezo electric crystal to
transmit and receive ultrasonic pulses and display the signals on
a cathode ray tube or digital display
The actual display relates to the time taken for the ultrasonic
pulses to travel the distance to the interface and back
An interface could be the back of a plate material or a defect

Ultrasonic inspection (UT)

First the work must be cleaned thoroughly, then a couplant is

applied to increase sound transmission
A probe is then applied with the correct angle for the weld
preparation and sound waves are transmitted
Any imperfections will rebound the sound waves causing a
signal to occur on the cathode ray tube

Ultrasonic inspection (UT)

Apply Couplant

Sound wave

Result

CRT display

Signal rebounded
from Lack of fusion

Ultrasonic inspection (UT)

defect
echo

initial pulse

Back wall
echo

Material Thk
defect

Compression Probe

10

20

30

40

50

CRT Display

Ultrasonic inspection (UT)

To understand and
appreciate the
capability and
limitation of UT

Ultrasonic inspection (UT)

Sub-surface detection
This detection method uses high frequency sound waves,
typically above 2MHz to pass through a material
A probe is used which contains a piezo electric crystal to
transmit and receive ultrasonic pulses and display the signals
on a cathode ray tube or digital display
The actual display relates to the time taken for the ultrasonic
pulses to travel the distance to the interface and back
An interface could be the back of a plate material or a defect
For ultrasound to enter a material a couplant must be
introduced between the probe and specimen

Ultrasonic inspection (UT)

UT Set, Digital

Pulse echo
signals
A scan Display

Compression probe

Thickness checking the material

Laminations detected using compression probes

Ultrasonic inspection (UT)

Back wall
echo

defect
echo

initial pulse

Material Thk
defect

Compression Probe

10

20

30

40

CRT Display

50

Ultrasonic inspection (UT)

Pulse echo
signals
A scan Display

Compression probe

UT Set,
Digital

Thickness checking the material

initial pulse
defect echo
defect

0 10 20 30 40 50

Skip

CRT Display

initial pulse
defect echo
defect

Full Skip

0 10 20 30 40 50

CRT Display

Ultrasonic inspection (UT)

A Scan
Display

Angle Probe

UT Set

Ultrasonic inspection (UT)

initial pulse

defect echo

Surface distance

defect

sound path
0

Angle Probe

10

20

30

40

CRT Display

50

Ultrasonic inspection (UT)

Disadvantages
Advantages
Trained and skilled operator
Rapid results
Sub-surface detection
required
Requires high operator skill
Safe
Good surface finish required
Can detect planar defect
Difficulty on detecting
Capable of measuring the depth
volumetric defect
of defects
Couplant may contaminate
May be battery powered
No permanent record
Portable

Any Questions

Radiographic inspection (RT)

Radiographic Testing (RT)

The principles of radiography

X or Gamma radiation is imposed upon a test object

Radiation is transmitted to varying degrees dependant

upon the density of the material through which it is
travelling

Thinner areas and materials of a less density show as

darker areas on the radiograph

Thicker areas and materials of a greater density show as

lighter areas on a radiograph

Applicable to metals,non-metals and composites

Radiographic Testing (RT)

A film is placed inside a cassette between lead screens.
It is then placed to the rear of the object to be radiographed
A radiographic source, is exposed to the work and film for a
pre-calculated time
Any imperfections in line with the beam of radiation will be
shown on the film after exposure and development
The 2 types of radiation used in industrial radiography:
1) X rays (from Cathode Ray Tube)
2) Gamma rays (from a Radioactive Isotope)

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Industrial Radiography

X - Rays
Electrically generated

Gamma Rays
Generated by the decay
of unstable atoms

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Industrial Radiography
X - Rays
Electrically generated

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Industrial Radiography
Gamma Rays
Generated by the decay of unstable
atoms

Radiographic Inspection
Source
Image quality indicator

Radiation beam
10fe16

Radiographic film

Test specimen

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Source
Image quality indicator

Radiation beam
10fe16
10fe16

Test specimen
Radiographic film with latent image after exposure

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Density - relates to the
degree of darkness
Contrast - relates to the degree of difference
Definition - relates to the degree of sharpness
Sensitivity - relates to the overall quality of the
radiograph

Radiographic Testing (RT)

7FE12

Step / Hole type IQI

Wire type IQI

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Image Quality Indicators

Step/Hole Type IQI

Wire Type IQI

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Radiographic Techniques
Single Wall Single Image (SWSI)
- film inside, source outside
Single Wall Single Image (SWSI) panoramic
- film outside, source inside (internal exposure)
Double Wall Single Image (DWSI)
- film outside, source outside (external exposure)
Double Wall Double Image (DWDI)
- film outside, source outside (elliptical exposure)

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Single wall single image SWSI

Film
Film

IQIs should be placed source side

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Single wall single image SWSI panoramic

Film
IQIs are placed on the film side
Source inside film outside (single exposure)

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Double wall single image DWSI

Film

IQIs are placed on the film side

Source outside film outside (multiple exposure)
This technique is intended for pipe diameters over 100mm

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Double wall single image DWSI
Identification

Unique identification
IQI placing
Pitch marks
indicating readable
film length

EN W10

B
ID MR11

Radiograph

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Double wall single image DWSI

Radiograph

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Double wall double image DWDI elliptical exposure

Film
IQIs are placed on the source or film side
Source outside film outside (multiple exposure)
A minimum of two exposures
This technique is intended for pipe diameters less than 100mm

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Double wall double image DWDI

Unique identification
Identification
IQI placing

3
EN W10

Pitch marks
indicating readable
film length

2
ID MR12

Shot A Radiograph

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Double wall double image DWDI

Elliptical Radiograph

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Advantages

Disadvantages

Expensive equipment
Permanent record
Bulky equipment ( x-ray )
Little surface preparation
Harmful radiation
Defect identification
Detection on defect
No material type
depending on orientation
limitation
Slow results

Required license to operate

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Any Questions