Busbar Protection by GE

Fundamentals of
Bus Bar
Protection
GE Multilin
Outline
Bus arrangements
Bus components
Bus protection techniques
CT Saturation
Application Considerations:
High impedance bus differential
relaying
Low impedance bus differential
relaying
Special topics
2
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Single bus - single breaker

ZONE 1
----
n-1
Distribution and lower transmission

voltage levels
No operating flexibility
Fault on the bus trips all circuit breakers
3
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Multiple bus sections - single

breaker with bus tie
ZONE 1
ZONE 2
Distribution and lower transmission

voltage levels
Limited operating flexibility
4
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Double bus - single breaker with

bus tie
ZONE 1
ZONE 2
Transmission and distribution voltage levels

Breaker maintenance without circuit removal
Fault on a bus disconnects only the circuits
being connected to that bus
5
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Main and transfer buses

MAIN BUS
ZONE 1
TRANFER BUS
Increased operating flexibility

A bus fault requires tripping all
breakers
Transfer bus for breaker maintenance
6
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Double bus single breaker w/ tran

ZONE 1
ZONE 2
Very high operating flexibility

Transfer bus for breaker
maintenance
7
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Double bus - double breaker

ZONE 1
ZONE 2
High operating flexibility

Line protection covers bus section between
two CTs
Fault on a bus does not disturb the power to
circuits
8
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Breaker-and-a-half bus
ZONE 1
ZONE 2
Used on higher voltage levels

More operating flexibility
Requires more breakers
Middle bus sections covered by line or
other equipment protection
9
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Ring bus
L1
L2
TB1
B1
B2
TB1
L3
L4
Higher voltage levels

High operating flexibility with minimum
breakers
Separate bus protection not required at
10
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Bus components
breakers
BUS 1
BUS 2
ISO 1
ISO 2
Low Voltage circuit

breakers
CB 1
ISO 3
BYPASS
SF6, EHV & HV Synchropuff
11
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Disconnect switches & auxiliary

contacts
BUS 1
BUS 1
BUS 2
ISO 2
ISOLATOR 1
ISO 1
+
7B
7A
ISOLATOR 1 OPEN
F1a
F1c
F1b
Contact Input F1a On

Contact Input F1c On
BUS 1
CB 1
ISO 3
BYPASS
ISOLATOR 1
+
7B
7A
ISOLATOR 1 CLOSED
F1a
F1c
F1b
Contact Input F1a On

Contact Input F1c On
12
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Current Transformers
BUS 1
BUS 2
ISO 1
ISO 2
Gas (SF6) insulated

current transformer
CB 1
ISO 3
BYPASS
Oil insulated current

transformer (35kV up to
800kV)
Bushing type
(medium voltage
switchgear)
13
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Protection Requirements
High bus fault currents due to large number of
circuits connected:
CT saturation often becomes a problem as CTs may not be
sufficiently rated for worst fault condition case
large dynamic forces associated with bus faults require fast
clearing times in order to reduce equipment damage
False trip by bus protection may create serious

problems:
service interruption to a large number of circuits
(distribution and sub-transmission voltage levels)
system-wide stability problems (transmission voltage levels)
With both dependability and security important,

preference is always given to security
14
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Bus Protection Techniques

Interlocking schemes
Overcurrent (unrestrained or
unbiased) differential
Overcurrent percent (restrained or
biased) differential
Linear couplers
High-impedance bus differential schemes
Low-impedance bus differential schemes
15
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Interlocking Schemes
BLOCK
50
50
50
50
50
50
Blocking scheme
typically used
Short coordination time
required
Care must be taken with
possible saturation of
feeder CTs
Blocking signal could be
sent over
communications ports
(peer-to-peer)
This technique is limited
to simple one-incomer
distribution buses
16
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Overcurrent (unrestrained)
Differential
Differential signal formed
51
by summation of all
currents feeding the bus
CT ratio matching may be
required
On external faults,
saturated CTs yield
spurious differential
current
Time delay used to cope
with CT saturation
Instantaneous differential
OC function useful on
integrated microprocessorbased relays
17
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Linear Couplers
ZC = 2 20 - typical coil impedance

(5V per 1000Amps => 0.005 @ 60Hz )
40 V
10 V
10 V
0V
20 V
0V
59
External
Fault
If =
8000 A
2000
2000 A
4000
18
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Linear
E = I *X - secondary voltage on relay terminals
Couplers
sec
prim
IR= Iprim*Xm /(ZR+ZC) minimum operating current

where,
Iprim primary current in each circuit
Xm liner coupler mutual reactance (5V per 1000Amps => 0.005 @
60Hz )
ZR relay tap impedance
ZC sum of all linear coupler
impedances
If = self
Internal
Bus
8000 A
Fault
40 V
0V
10 V
2000
10 V
2000
0V
59
20 V
4000
19
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Linear
Couplers
Fast, secure and proven
Require dedicated air gap CTs, which may not
be used for any other protection
Cannot be easily applied to reconfigurable
buses
The scheme uses a simple voltage detector
it does not provide benefits of a
microprocessor-based relay (e.g.
oscillography, breaker failure protection,
other functions)
20
Multilin
May 3, 2016
High Impedance Differential

Operating signal created by
connecting all CT secondaries in
parallel
CTs must all have the same ratio
o Must have dedicated CTs
o
59
Overvoltage element operates

on voltage developed across
resistor connected in secondary
circuit
o
Requires varistors or AC
shorting relays to limit energy
during faults
Accuracy dependent on
secondary circuit resistance
o
Usually requires larger CT

cables to reduce errors higher
cost
Cannot easily be applied to reconfigurable

buses and offers no advanced functionality
21
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Percent Differential
87
51
I DIF I1 I 2 ... I n
I RES I1 I 2 ... I n
Percent characteristic
used to cope with CT
saturation and other
errors
Restraining signal can
be formed in a number
of ways
No dedicated CTs
needed
Used for protection of
re-configurable buses
possible
I RES max I1 , I 2 , ..., I n
22
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Low Impedance Percent

Differential
Individual currents sampled by protection and summated
digitally
o CT ratio matching done internally (no auxiliary CTs)
o Dedicated CTs not necessary
Additional algorithms improve security of percent differential

characteristic during CT saturation
Dynamic bus replica allows application to reconfigurable buses
o Done digitally with logic to add/remove current inputs from
differential computation
o Switching of CT secondary circuits not required
Low secondary burdens

Additional functionality available
o Digital oscillography and monitoring of each circuit connected to
bus zone
o Time-stamped event recording
o Breaker failure protection
23
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Digital Differential Algorithm

Goals
Improve the main differential algorithm operation

o Better filtering
o Faster response
o Better restraint techniques
o Switching transient blocking
Provide dynamic bus replica for reconfigurable bus bars
Dependably detect CT saturation in a fast and reliable
manner, especially for external faults
Implement additional security to the main differential
algorithm to prevent incorrect operation
o External faults with CT saturation
o CT secondary circuit trouble (e.g. short circuits)
24
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Low Impedance Differential

(Distributed)
Data Acquisition Units
52
52
DAU
52
DAU
DAU
CU
copper
fiber
(DAUs) installed in bays

Central Processing Unit
(CPU) processes all data
from DAUs
Communications between
DAUs and CPU over fiber
using proprietary protocol
Sampling synchronisation
between DAUs is required
Perceived less reliable
(more hardware needed)
Difficult to apply in retrofit
applications
25
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Low Impedance Differential

(Centralized)
52
52
52
CU
All currents applied to a

single central processor
No communications,
external sampling
synchronisation necessary
Perceived more reliable
(less hardware needed)
Well suited to both new
and retrofit applications.
copper
26
Multilin
May 3, 2016
CT Saturation
27
Multilin
May 3, 2016
CT Saturation Concepts
CT saturation depends on a number of factors
o Physical CT characteristics (size, rating, winding
resistance, saturation voltage)
o Connected CT secondary burden (wires + relays)
o Primary current magnitude, DC offset (system X/R)
o Residual flux in CT core
Actual CT secondary currents may not behave in the same
manner as the ratio (scaled primary) current during faults
End result is spurious differential current appearing in the
summation of the secondary currents which may cause
differential elements to operate if additional security is
not applied
28
Multilin
May 3, 2016
CT Saturation
No DC Offset
Waveform remains
fairly symmetrical
Ratio Current
CT Current
With DC Offset
Ratio Current
CT Current
Waveform starts off

being asymmetrical,
then symmetrical in
steady state
29
Multilin
May 3, 2016
External Fault & Ideal CTs
t1
t0
Fault starts at t0
Steady-state fault conditions occur at t 1
Ideal CTs have no saturation or mismatch

errors thus produce no differential current
30
Multilin
May 3, 2016
External Fault & Actual CTs
t1
t0
Fault starts at t0
Steady-state fault conditions occur at t 1
Actual CTs do introduce errors, producing some

differential current (without CT saturation)
31
Multilin
May 3, 2016
External Fault with CT

Saturation
t2
t1
t0
Fault starts at t0, CT begins to saturate at t1

CT fully saturated at t2
CT saturation causes increasing differential

current that may enter the differential
element operate region.
32
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Some Methods of Securing Bus

Differential
Block the bus differential for a period of time (intentional delay)
o Increases security as bus zone will not trip when CT saturation is
present
o Prevents high-speed clearance for internal faults with CT saturation
or evolving faults
Change settings of the percent differential characteristic

(usually Slope 2)
o Improves security of differential element by increasing the amount
of spurious differential current needed to incorrectly trip

o Difficult to explicitly develop settings (Is 60% slope enough? Should
it be 75%?)
Apply directional (phase comparison) supervision

o Improves security by requiring all currents flow into the bus zone
before asserting the differential element

o Easy to implement and test
o Stable even under severe CT saturation during external faults
33
Multilin
May 3, 2016
HighImpedance
Bus
Differential
34
Multilin
May 3, 2016
High Impedance Voltageoperated

Relay
59 element
set above max possible voltage
External
Fault
developed across relay during external fault causing
worst case CT saturation
For internal faults, extremely high voltages (well
above 59 element pickup) will develop across relay
35
Multilin
May 3, 2016
High Impedance Voltage

Operated
Relay
Ratio matching with
ApplicationCTs
of high impedance differential relays
Multi-ratio
with CTs of different ratios but ratio matching taps is
possible, but could lead to voltage magnification.
Voltage developed across full winding of tapped CT
does not exceed CT rating, terminal blocks, etc.
36
Multilin
May 3, 2016
High Impedance Voltage

Operated
Relay
Ratio matching with
Use of auxiliary
Multi-ratio
CTs CTs to obtain correct ratio matching
is also possible, but these CTs must be able to deliver
enough voltage necessary to produce relay operation
for internal faults.
37
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Electromechanical High
Impedance Bus Differential
Relays
Single phase relays

High-speed
High impedance voltage sensing
High seismic IOC unit
38
Multilin
May 3, 2016
P -based High-Impedance Bus

Differential Protection Relays
Operating time: 20 30ms @ I > 1.5xPKP
39
Multilin
May 3, 2016
High Impedance Module for

Digital Relays
RST = 2000 - stabilizing resistor to limit the

current through the relay, and force it to
the lower impedance CT windings.
MOV Metal Oxide Varistor to limit the
voltage to
1900 Volts
86 latching contact preventing the
resistors from overheating after the fault is
detected
40
Multilin
May 3, 2016
High-Impedance Module
+
Overcurrent Relay
41
Multilin
May 3, 2016
High Impedance Bus Protection Summary
Fast, secure and proven

Requires dedicated CTs, preferably with the same
CT ratio and using full tap
Can be applied to small buses
Depending on bus internal and external fault
currents, high impedance bus diff may not provide
adequate settings for both sensitivity and security
Cannot be easily applied to reconfigurable buses
Require voltage limiting varistor capable of
absorbing significant energy
May require auxiliary CTs
Do not provide full benefits of microprocessorbased relay system (e.g. metering, monitoring,
oscillography, etc.)
42
Multilin
May 3, 2016
LowImpedance
Bus
Differential
43
Multilin
May 3, 2016
P-based Low-Impedance Relays

No need for dedicated CTs
Internal CT ratio mismatch compensation
Advanced algorithms supplement percent differential
protection function making the relay very secure
Dynamic bus replica (bus image) principle is used in
protection of reconfigurable bus bars, eliminating the
need for switching physically secondary current
circuits
Integrated Breaker Failure (BF) function can provide
optimal tripping strategy depending on the actual
configuration of a bus bar
44
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Small Bus Applications

2-8 Circuit
Applications
Up to 24 Current Inputs
4 Zones
Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone
1
2
3
4
=
=
=
=
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Not used
Different CT Ratio
Capability for Each
Circuit
Largest CT Primary is
Base in Relay
45
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Medium to Large Bus

9-12 Circuit
Applications
Applications
Relay 1 - 24 Current Inputs

4 Zones
Zone 1 = Phase A (12 currents)
Zone 2 = Phase B (12 currents)
Zone 3 = Not used
Zone 4 = Not used
Relay 2 - 24 Current Inputs

4 Zones
Zone 1 = Not used
Zone 2 = Not used
Zone 3 = Phase C (12 currents)
Zone 4 = Not used
Different CT Ratio Capability for Each Circuit

Largest CT Primary is Base in Relay
CB
11
CB
12
46
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Large Bus Applications
87B phase A
87B phase B
87B phase C
Logic relay
(switch status,
optional BF)
47
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Large Bus Applications

For buses with up to 24 circuits
48
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Summing External Currents
Not Recommended for Low-Z 87B relays

CT-1
Relay becomes
combination of
restrained and
unrestrained elements
In order to parallel CTs:
CT-2
I 3 =0
I 2 =0
I 1 = Error
CT-3
CT-4
I DIFF = Error
I REST = Error
Maloperation if
Error > PICKUP
CT performance must be
closely matched
o Any errors will appear as
differential currents
Associated feeders must be
radial
o No backfeeds possible
Pickup setting must be raised
to accommodate any errors
49
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Definitions of Restraint Signals

iR i1 i2 i3 ... in
sum of
1
iR i1 i2 i3 ... in
n
iR n i1 i2 i3 ... in
iR Max i1 , i2 , i3 ,..., in
scaled sum of
geometrical average
maximum of
50
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Sum Of vs. Max Of Restraint

Methods
Sum Of Approach
More restraint on external
faults; less sensitive for internal
faults
Scaled-Sum Of approach
takes into account number of
connected circuits and may
increase sensitivity
Breakpoint settings for the
percent differential
characteristic more difficult to
set
Max Of Approach
Less restraint on external faults;
more sensitive for internal faults
Breakpoint settings for the
percent differential
characteristic easier to set
Better handles situation where
one CT may saturate completely
(99% slope settings possible)
51
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Bus Differential Adaptive

Approach
differential
Region 2
(high differential
currents)
Region 1
(low differential
currents)
restraining
52
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Bus Differential Adaptive Logic

Diagram
AND
DIFL
OR
OR
DIR
AND
SAT
87B BIASED OP
DIFH
53
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Phase Comparison Principle

Internal Faults: All fault (large) currents are
approximately in phase.
External Faults: One fault (large) current will be out

of phase
No Voltages are required or
Secondary Current of
Faulted Circuit
(Severe CT Saturation)
needed
54
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Phase Comparison Principle

Continued
External Fault Conditions
imag
Ip
Internal Fault Conditions
ID I p
imag
OPERATE
BLOCK
I D -I
Ip
real
Ip
BLOCK
Ip
ID I p
OPERATE
I D -I
ID I p
real
Ip
ID I p
Ip
BLOCK
BLOCK
OPERATE
OPERATE
55
Multilin
May 3, 2016
CT Saturation
t2
t1
t0
Fault starts at t0, CT begins to saturate at t1

CT fully saturated at t2
56
Multilin
May 3, 2016
CT Saturation Detector State

Machine
NORMAL
SAT := 0
The differential
current below the
first slope for
certain period of
time
saturation
condition
EXTERNAL
FAULT
SAT := 1
The differential
characteristic
entered
EXTERNAL
FAULT & CT
SATURATION
The differentialrestraining trajectory

out of the differential
characteristic for
certain period of time
SAT := 1
57
Multilin
May 3, 2016
CT Saturation Detector
Operating Principles
The 87B SAT flag WILL NOT be set during
internal faults, regardless of whether or not
any of the CTs saturate.
The 87B SAT flag WILL be set during
external faults, regardless of whether or not
any of the CTs saturate.
By design, the 87B SAT flag WILL force the
relay to use the additional 87B DIR phase
The
Saturation
Detector
NOT Block the
comparison
for
Region WILL
2
Operation of the Differential Element it will
only Force 2-out-of-2 Operation
58
Multilin
May 3, 2016
CT Saturation Detector The oscillography records on the next two slides were
Examples
captured from a B30 relay under test on a real-time digital
power system simulator
First slide shows an external fault with deep CT saturation
(~1.5 msec of good CT performance)
o SAT saturation detector flag asserts prior to BIASED PKP
bus differential pickup
o DIR directional flag does not assert (one current flows
out of zone), so even though bus differential picks up, no
trip results
Second slide shows an internal fault with mild CT saturation
o BIASED PKP and BIASED OP both assert before DIR
asserts
o CT saturation does not block bus differential
More examples available (COMTRADE files) upon request
59
Multilin
May 3, 2016
CT Saturation Example
External Fault
200
150
current, A
100
~1 ms
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
0.06
The bus dif erential

protection element
picks up due to heavy
CT saturation
The
directional flag
is not set
0.07
0.08
0.09
time, sec
0.1
0.11
0.12
The CT saturation flag

is set safely before the
pickup flag
The element
does not
maloperate
Despite heavy CT
saturation the
external fault current
is seen in the
opposite direction
60
Multilin
May 3, 2016
CT Saturation Internal Fault

Example
The bus dif erential

protection element
picks up
The saturation
flag is not set - no
directional
decision required
All the fault currents

are seen in one
direction
The element
operates in
10ms
The
directional
flag is set
61
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Applying Low-Impedance
Differential Relays for Busbar
Protection
Basic Topics
Configure physical CT Inputs
Configure Bus Zone and Dynamic Bus
Replica
Calculating Bus Differential Element settings
Advanced Topics
Isolator switch monitoring for
reconfigurable buses
Differential Zone CT Trouble
Integrated Breaker Failure protection
62
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Configuring CT Inputs
For each connected CT circuit enter Primary
rating and select Secondary rating.
Each 3-phase bank of CT inputs must be
assigned to a Signal Source that is used to
define the Bus Zone and Dynamic Bus Replica
Some relays define 1 p.u. as the

maximum primary current of all of the
CTs connected in the given Bus Zone
63
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Per-Unit Current Definition Example

Current
Channel
Primar
y
Secondar
y
Zone
CT1
F1
3200 A
1A
CT2
F2
2400 A
5A
CT3
F3
1200 A
1A
CT For4 Zone
CT-Zone
For
5
F4
3200 A
1A
1, 1 p.u. = 3200 AP
F51 p.u.1200
A
5A
2,
= 5000
AP
CT-
F6
5000 A
5A
64
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Configuration of Bus Zone

Dynamic Bus Replica associates a status signal
with each current in the Bus Differential Zone
Status signal can be any logic operand
o Status signals can be developed in
programmable logic to provide additional
checks or security as required
o Status signal can be set to ON if current is
always in the bus zone or OFF if current is
never in the bus zone
CT connections/polarities for a particular bus
zone must be properly configured in the relay,
via either hardwire or software
65
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Configuring the Bus Differential

Zone
Bus Zone settings defines the boundaries of
the Differential Protection and CT Trouble
Monitoring.
1. Configure the physical CT Inputs

o
o
o
CT Primary and Secondary values

Both 5 A and 1 A inputs are supported by the UR hardware
Ratio compensation done automatically for CT ratio
differences up to 32:1
2. Configure AC Signal Sources

3. Configure Bus Zone with Dynamic Bus Replica
66
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Dual Percent Differential

Characteristic
High Set
(Unrestrained)
High Slope
Low Slope
High
Breakpoint
Min Pickup
Low
Breakpoint
67
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Calculating Bus Differential

The following Bus Zone Differential element
Settings
parameters need to be set:
o Differential Pickup
o Restraint Low Slope
o Restraint Low Break Point
o Restraint High Breakpoint
o Restraint High Slope
o Differential High Set (if needed)
All settings entered in per unit (maximum CT primary in

the zone)
Slope settings entered in percent
Low Slope, High Slope and High Breakpoint settings
are used by the CT Saturation Detector and define the
Region 1 Area (2-out-of-2 operation with Directional)
68
Multilin
May 3, 2016

Settings Minimum Pickup
Defines the minimum differential current required
for operation of the Bus Zone Differential element
Must be set above maximum leakage current not
zoned off in the bus differential zone
May also be set above maximum load conditions
for added security in case of CT trouble, but
better alternatives exist
69
Multilin
May 3, 2016

Settings Low Slope
Defines the percent bias for the restraint currents
from IREST=0 to IREST=Low Breakpoint
Setting determines the sensitivity of the
differential element for low-current internal faults
Must be set above maximum error introduced by
the CTs in their normal linear operating mode
Range: 15% to 100% in 1%. increments
70
Multilin
May 3, 2016

Settings Low Breakpoint
Defines the upper limit to restraint currents that will
be biased according to the Low Slope setting
Should be set to be above the maximum load but
not more than the maximum current where the CTs
still operate linearly (including residual flux)
Assumption is that the CTs will be operating linearly
(no significant saturation effects up to 80% residual
flux) up to the Low Breakpoint setting
71
Multilin
May 3, 2016

Settings High Breakpoint
Defines the minimum restraint currents that will be
biased according to the High Slope setting
Should be set to be below the minimum current
where the weakest CT will saturate with no
residual flux
Assumption is that the CTs will be operating
linearly (no significant saturation effects up to 80%
residual flux) up to the Low Breakpoint setting
72
Multilin
May 3, 2016

Settings High Slope
Defines the percent bias for the restraint currents
IRESTHigh Breakpoint
Setting determines the stability of the differential
element for high current external faults
Traditionally, should be set high enough to
accommodate the spurious differential current
resulting from saturation of the CTs during heavy
external faults
Setting can be relaxed in favour of sensitivity and
speed as the relay detects CT saturation and applies
the directional principle to prevent maloperation
Range: 50% to 100% in 1%. increments
73
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Calculating Unrestrained Bus

Differential Settings
Defines the minimum differential current for
unrestrained operation
Should be set to be above the maximum differential
current under worst case CT saturation
Range: 2.00 to 99.99 p.u. in 0.01 p.u. increments
Can be effectively disabled by setting to 99.99 p.u.
74
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Dual Percent Differential

Characteristic
High Set
(Unrestrained)
High Slope
Low Slope
High
Breakpoint
Min Pickup
Low
Breakpoint
75
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Reconfigurable Buses
C-3
C-5
NORTH BUS
S-1
B-1
S-5
S-3
B-5
CT-7
CT-1
CT-2
B-2
CT-3
B-3
CT-4
CT-5
B-4
B-7
CT-6
CT-8
B-6
S-2
S-6
S-4
SOUTH BUS
C-1
C-2
C-4
Protecting re-configurable buses
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
C-3
C-5
NORTH BUS
S-1
B-1
S-5
S-3
B-5
CT-1
CT-2
B-2
CT-3
CT-4
B-3
CT-7
B-4
CT-5
B-7
CT-6
CT-8
B-6
S-2
S-6
S-4
SOUTH BUS
C-1
C-2
C-4

77
Multilin
May 3, 2016
C-3
C-5
NORTH BUS
S-1
B-1
S-5
S-3
B-5
CT-1
CT-2
B-2
CT-3
CT-4
B-3
CT-7
B-4
CT-5
B-7
CT-6
CT-8
B-6
S-2
S-6
S-4
SOUTH BUS
C-1
C-2
C-4
78
Multilin
May 3, 2016
C-3
C-5
NORTH BUS
S-1
B-1
S-5
S-3
B-5
CT-7
CT-1
CT-2
B-2
CT-3
B-3
CT-4
CT-5
B-4
B-7
CT-6
CT-8
B-6
S-2
S-6
S-4
SOUTH BUS
C-1
C-2
C-4
79
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Isolators
Reliable Isolator Closed signals are needed for the
Dynamic Bus Replica
In simple applications, a single normally closed contact
may be sufficient
For maximum safety:
o Both N.O. and N.C. contacts should be used
o Isolator Alarm should be established and non-valid
combinations (open-open, closed-closed) should be sorted out

o Switching operations should be inhibited until bus image is
recognized with 100% accuracy
o Optionally block 87B operation from Isolator Alarm
Each isolator position signal decides:

o Whether or not the associated current is to be included in the
differential calculations
o Whether or not the associated breaker is to be tripped
80
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Isolator Typical Open/Closed

Connections
81
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Switch Status Logic and

Dyanamic Bus Replica
Isolator
Open
Auxiliary
Contact
Off
Isolator
Closed
Auxiliary
Contact
On
Isolator
Position
Alarm
Block
Switching
CLOSED
No
No
Off
Off
LAST VALID
Until Isolator
On
On
CLOSED
On
Off
OPEN
After time
delay
until
acknowledge
d
No
Position is
valid
No
NOTE: Isolator monitoring function may be a built-in feature

or user-programmable in low impedance bus differential
digital relays
82
Multilin
May 3, 2016

Each Bus Differential Zone may a dedicated CT
Trouble Monitor
Definite time delay overcurrent element operating
on the zone differential current, based on the
configured Dynamic Bus Replica
Three strategies to deal with CT problems:
1. Trip the bus zone as the problem with a CT will
likely evolve into a bus fault anyway
2. Do not trip the bus, raise an alarm and try to
correct the problem manually
3. Switch to setting group with 87B minimum
pickup setting above the maximum load
current.
83
Multilin
May 3, 2016

Strategies 2 and 3 can be
accomplished by:
Using undervoltage supervision to ride through
the period from the beginning of the problem
with a CT until declaring a CT trouble condition
Using an external check zone to supervise the
87B function
Using CT Trouble to prevent the Bus Differential
tripping (2)
Using setting groups to increase the pickup
value for the 87B function (3)
84
Multilin
May 3, 2016

Strategy #2 Example
87B operates
Undervoltage condition
CT OK
CT Trouble operand is used to rise an alarm

The 87B trip is inhibited after CT Trouble element
operates
The relay may misoperate if an external fault
occurs after CT trouble but before the CT trouble
condition is declared (double-contingency)
85
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Example Architecture for Large

Dual (redundant) fiber
with 3msec delivery
Busbars
time between
neighbouring IEDs. Up
to 8 relays in the ring
Phase A AC signals and

trip contacts
Phase B AC signals and

trip contacts
Phase C AC signals and

trip contacts
Digital Inputs for

isolator monitoring and
BF
86
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Example Architecture Dynamic

Bus Replica and Isolator
Iso
lat
n
Position
o
i
or
t
i
s
P
Po
r
o
lat
o
Is
Iso
la
Phase A AC signals
wired here, bus replica
configured here
Phase B AC signals
configured here
to
rP
os
it
ion
os
itio
n
Phase C AC signals
configured here
o
iti
s
Po
r
o
at
l
o
s
I
Auxuliary switches wired here;
Isolator Monitoring function
configured here
87
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Example Architecture BF
v.
Initiationt S&
up Current Supervision
BF
te
a
i
t
Ini
F
B
BF
In
iti
a
en
r
r
u
&C
Ini
tia
te
&
Phase A AC signals
wired here, current
status monitored here
Phase B AC signals
wired here, current
te
&
Cu
rre
n
Cu
rre
nt
tS
Phase C AC signals
wired here, current
BF
up
v.
Su
pv
.
Breaker Failure
elements
configured here
iti
n
I
e
at
&
nt
e
rr
u
C
v.
p
Su
88
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Example Architecture Breaker

Trip
Failure Tripping
ail
F
r
ke
a
Bre
Trip
Br
ea
Bre
ak
er
Fai
l
Op
Phase A AC signals
wired here, current
Phase B AC signals
wired here, current
ke
rF
ai
lO
Trip
Op
Trip
Phase C AC signals
wired here, current
Fa
r
e
ak
p
li O
e
Br
Breaker Fail Op command
generated here and send to
trip appropriate breakers
89
Multilin
May 3, 2016
IEEE 37.234
Guide for Protective Relay Applications
to Power System Buses is currently
being revised by the K14 Working Group
of the IEEE Power System Relaying
Committee.
90
Multilin
May 3, 2016
91
Multilin
May 3, 2016

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Fundamentals of

Single bus - single breaker

Distribution and lower transmission

Multiple bus sections - single

Distribution and lower transmission

Double bus - single breaker with

Transmission and distribution voltage levels

Main and transfer buses

Increased operating flexibility

Double bus single breaker w/ tran

Very high operating flexibility

Double bus - double breaker

High operating flexibility

Used on higher voltage levels

Higher voltage levels

Low Voltage circuit

SF6, EHV & HV Synchropuff

Disconnect switches & auxiliary

Contact Input F1a On

Contact Input F1a On

Gas (SF6) insulated

Oil insulated current

False trip by bus protection may create serious

With both dependability and security important,

Bus Protection Techniques

ZC = 2 20 - typical coil impedance

IR= Iprim*Xm /(ZR+ZC) minimum operating current

High Impedance Differential

Overvoltage element operates

Usually requires larger CT

Cannot easily be applied to reconfigurable

I RES max I1 , I 2 , ..., I n

Low Impedance Percent

Additional algorithms improve security of percent differential

Low secondary burdens

Digital Differential Algorithm

Improve the main differential algorithm operation

Low Impedance Differential

(DAUs) installed in bays

Low Impedance Differential

All currents applied to a

Waveform starts off

External Fault & Ideal CTs

Ideal CTs have no saturation or mismatch

External Fault & Actual CTs

Actual CTs do introduce errors, producing some

External Fault with CT

Fault starts at t0, CT begins to saturate at t1

CT saturation causes increasing differential

Some Methods of Securing Bus

Change settings of the percent differential characteristic

of spurious differential current needed to incorrectly trip

Apply directional (phase comparison) supervision

before asserting the differential element

High Impedance Voltageoperated

High Impedance Voltage

High Impedance Voltage

Single phase relays

P -based High-Impedance Bus

Operating time: 20 30ms @ I > 1.5xPKP

High Impedance Module for

RST = 2000 - stabilizing resistor to limit the

High Impedance Bus Protection Summary

Fast, secure and proven