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Presented by: Nikki Natividad
Course: BIOL 5081 - Biostatistics
Purpose
To
Assumptions:
1
or more categories
Independent observations
A sample size of at least 10
Random sampling
All observations must be used
For the test to be accurate, the
expected frequency should be at least
5
Conducting Chi-Square
Analysis
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
25
18
17
60
Expected
20
20
20
60
O-E
-2
-3
(O-E)2
E
1.25
0.2
0.45
2 = 1.90
2
=
5.991
=0.05
Total
Cutter
Ants
Ants
Ants
Observed
25
18
17
60
Expected
20
20
20
60
O-E
-2
-3
(O-E)2
E
1.25
0.2
0.45
2 = 1.90
Our calculated
SAS: Example 1
Included to format
the table
SAS: Example 1
SAS: Example 1
SAS: Example 1
Example 2: Testing
Association
c
H : Gender and eye colour
O
(2-1)(3-1) = 1*2
=2
If there was an
association, can
check which
interactions
describe
association by
looking at how
much each cell
contributes to the
overall Chi-square
value.
Limitations
No
Tests
Phi Coefficient
Contigency Coefficient
Cramers V
15
22
Expected
12.65
9.35
22
Chi-Square
0.44
0.59
1.03
No Heart
Disease
10
18
Expected
10.35
7.65
18
Chi-Square
0.53
0.72
1.25
TOTAL
23
17
40
Chi-Square
2.28
Total
Calculate
degrees of freedom: (c-1)(r-1) = 1*1 = 1
We need to use the YATES CORRECTION
15
22
Expected
12.65
9.35
22
Chi-Square
0.27
0.37
0.64
No Heart
Disease
Expected
10.35
Chi-Square
0.33
TOTAL
23
Chi-Square
Total
10
(|15-12.65|
0.5)2
12.65
7.65
= 0.27
0.45
17
18
18
0.78
40
1.42
2
=
3.841
=0.05
15
22
Expected
12.65
9.35
22
Chi-Square
0.27
0.37
0.64
No Heart
Disease
10
18
Expected
10.35
7.65
18
Chi-Square
0.33
0.45
0.78
TOTAL
23
17
40
Chi-Square
1.42
Total
3.841 > 1.42 We do not reject our null hypothesis.
Right:
Two-Tail:
Conclusion
The
There
We
References
Chi-Square Test Descriptions:
http://www.enviroliteracy.org/pdf/materials/1210.pdf
http://129.123.92.202/biol1020/Statistics/Appendix
%206%20%20The%20Chi-Square%20TEst.pdf
Ozdemir T and Eyduran E. 2005. Comparison of chisquare and likelihood ratio chi-square tests: power of
test. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 1(2):242244.
SAS Support website: http://www.sas.com/index.html
FREQ procedure
YouTube Chi-square SAS Tutorial (user: mbate001):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACbQ8FJTq7k