Fabric Geometry

By
Tamim Kibria
Copyright 2009 Tamim Kibria,
Souteast University

Fabric
Fabric is a manufactured of fibres or yarns
that has substantial surface area in relation to
its thickness and sufficient mechanical
strength to give the assembly inherent
cohesion .

Copyright 2009 Tamim Kibria,

Souteast University

Types of Fabric Geometry

Woven Fabric Geometry

Knitted Fabric Geometry

Copyright 2009 Tamim Kibria,

Souteast University

Woven Fabric Geometry

When fabric geometry indicates the geometry

of warp and weft in the fabric. It can be
analyzed from the cross-sectional view of the
fabric.

Copyright 2009 Tamim Kibria,

Souteast University

Reasons for analysis of the

construction of woven fabric

geometry:
To be able to calculate the resistance of the

mechanical deformation such as initial

extension, bending or shearing in terms of
the resistance to the deformation of the
individual fibres.
The geometrical relationship provides direct
information on the relative resistance to the
maximum density of the packing that can be
achieved in a cloth.
Copyright 2009 Tamim Kibria,
Souteast University

To know about crimp which influences

thickness, elongation, strength.
To compare the similarities & dissimilarities
among different types of fabric.
To provide information about cover factor
which influences:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Air permeability
Light Permeability
Porosity
Surface Resistance
Water Resistance

Copyright 2009 Tamim Kibria,

Souteast University

Dr. Fredric T. Pierces assumptions

to develop equations:

Yarns are infinitely flexible i.e. bending

resistance of the yarn is negligible.
Yarns are inextensible and incompressible.
Yarns are circular in cross-section inter
woven in a regular pattern.

Copyright 2009 Tamim Kibria,

Souteast University

Geometry of Plain Weave

Copyright 2009 Tamim Kibria,

Souteast University

Parameters
Diameter of Thread
Diameter of warp thread d1
Diameter of weft thread d2
Thread Spacing
Distance between the centre of threads.
Warp P1
Weft P2

Copyright 2009 Tamim Kibria,

Souteast University

Parameter (Contd)
Modular Length
Length of yarn in a unit cell measured along
yarn axis.
Warp l1
Weft l2

Copyright 2009 Tamim Kibria,

Souteast University

Parameter (Cont)
Thread Amplitude
Maximum displacement of the thread axis from
the plain of the cloth.
Warp h1
Weft h2

Copyright 2009 Tamim Kibria,

Souteast University

Parameter (Cont)
Weave angle
Maximum angle of the thread axis to the plane
of the cloth.
Warp 1
Weft 2

Copyright 2009 Tamim Kibria,

Souteast University

Parameter (Cont)
In figure,
OX = ZX + OZ = XY + OY
OX = h /2+ h2/2 = d1/2 + d2/2
1

D/2 = h1/2+ h2/2 = d1/2 + d2/2

D = h 1 + h2 = d 1 + d2

Copyright 2009 Tamim Kibria,

Souteast University

Calculation of End Spacing P1 &

Pick Spacing P2

From figure
P2= AB + BC + CD

From
PQR
Sin1= QR/PR => QR = PR Sin1=(PS+SR) Sin1

QR=(d2/2 + d1/2) Sin1

AB = D/2 Sin1

Similarly, CD = D/2 Sin1

Now
RNT Explains
Cos1= RT/RN => RT = RN Cos1
Now, RN= l1 arc NX arc ER = l1 ON 1 PR 1
Copyright 2009 Tamim Kibria,
Souteast University

Cont

RN = l1 ON 1 PR 1

RN = l1 1 (ON+ PR)

RN = l1 1 (2r1+ 2r2)

RN = l1 1 (d1+ d2)

RN = l1 D1

So, BC = (l1 D1) Cos 1

P2= AB+BC+CD

P2= D/2 Sin 1 + (l1 - D 1) Cos 1+ D/2 Sin 1

P2= D Sin 1 + (l1 - D 1) Cos 1

Similarly, P1= D Sin 2 + (l2 - D 2) Cos 2

Copyright 2009 Tamim Kibria,
Souteast University

Calculation of h1 & h2
In figure, h1 = XM + NT + QE
From
RNT
Sin 1 = NT/RN

NT = RN Sin 1

NT = (l1 - D 1)Sin 1

Again, QE = PE PQ
PQR
Cos 1 = PQ/PR
=>PQ = PR Cos 1
=> PQ = D/2 Cos 1
Copyright 2009 Tamim Kibria,
Souteast University

Cont
So, QE = PE PQ
QE = D/2 D/2 Cos
1

XM = OX-ON Cos 1

(r1+r2) - (r1+r2) Cos 1

D/2 D/2 Cos 1

h1 = XM + NT + QE

h1 = D/2 D/2 Cos 1+ (l1 D) 1Sin 1 + D/2 D/2 Cos 1

h1 = h1 = D D Cos 1+ (l1 - D 1)Sin 1

h1= h1 = D(1 D) Cos 1+ (l1 - D 1)Sin 1

Similarly, h2 = D(1 D) Cos 2+ (l2 - D 2)Sin 2

Copyright 2009 Tamim Kibria,
Souteast University

Applicable Formula
h1= l11
P2 = l1 (l1 12)/2

Copyright 2009 Tamim Kibria,

Souteast University