COUPLINGS CLUTCHES AND

BRAKES
Branch :
Group=4

Chemical Engineering

INTRODUCTION:-

Coupling and Clutches are

power transmission elements.
It is used for transmitting
power from one shaft to the
another. A Brake is a frictional
device whose primary function
is to control the motion of the
machine member.

-:Coupling:A coupling is a device used to connect or

couple two shafts. Shafts are mostly available
up to 7 meters length due to transport
difficulty. To get a greater length , it is
necessary to joint two or more pieces of the
shaft using coupling.
Shaft coupling are used in machinery for
following purposes:
1) To connect shafts of motor and generator
which are manufactured separately and to
provide for disconnection for repairs or
alternations.

Types of couplings

Sleeve or muff coupling

It is made from cast iron and very simple

to design and manufacture.
It consists of a hollow cylinder whose
inner diameter is the same as diameter
of the shaft.
The hollow cylinder is fitted over the end
of the two shafts with the help of taper
sunk key.
A key and sleeve useful to transmit power
from one shaft to the other shaft.
The main disadvantage of this coupling is
that it is difficult to assemble when there

Sleeve or muff coupling

Clamp or split muff or compression

coupling
In this coupling , the muff or sleeve is made into

two halves parts of cast iron and they are join

together by means of mild steel studs and nuts.
The advantages of this coupling is that
assembling of the coupling is possible without
change the position of shaft.
This coupling is used for heavy power
transmission at moderate speed.

Clamp or split muff or compression

coupling

Flange coupling
This coupling is having two separate cast iron

flanges.
Each flange is mounted on the shaft end and
keyed to it.
This coupling prevent catching clothes of
workman.
This flange couplings is most accurate and rigid.
It is used for heavy power transmission at low
speed.

Flange coupling

Bush pin type flange coupling

This is modified form of protected type flange

coupling.
This type of coupling has a pins and it work as a
coupling bolts.
The rubber or leather bushes are used over the pins.
This coupling is used to connect of shafts which
having the small parallel misalignment, angular
misalignment and axial displacement.
This type of coupling is mostly used to couple an
electric motor and machine.

Bush pin type flange coupling

Universal coupling
Universal coupling consists of two similar forks

keyed on the ends of the two shafts.

This coupling is used to connect two shafts whose
axis intersect.
It also used to connect two shafts, where the
angle between two shafts may be varied when
they rotate.
It is widely used in automobile and machine tools.

Universal coupling

Oldhams coupling
It consist of two flange and a central floating

disc.
This coupling is used in connecting two parallel
shafts but not in alignment, and their axis are at
small distance apart.

Oldhams coupling

Clutches
Clutch is a one of the form of coupling.
Clutches is used to transmit the power from
driving shaft to driven shaft of machine
which may be required to start or stop
frequently.
It is so designed that the two members may
be engaged or disengaged whenever
required either by a hand operated device or
automatically by the action of some power
driven devices.

Types of clutches

Disc clutches
This type of clutch consists of two flanges, one

flange is rigidly to the driving shaft and other

flange fitted to the driven shaft.
Single disc clutches are used in automobiles.
When large torque transmission is required the
multi disc clutch are used.
Multi disc clutch has more number of contact
surfaces discs on driving and driven shaft.

Disc clutches

Cone clutch
The cone clutch consists two cones , one internal

cone fixed to the driven shaft and another cone

fitted on the driven shaft.
The operating lever used only for disengagement
of the clutch.
The main advantage of cone clutch over the disc
clutch is very simple and required less axial
pressure to disengaged the clutch.

Cone clutch

Centrifugal clutch
It consists of a number of shoes on the inside of a drum or

rim of the pulley.

The upper surface of the shoes are covered with a friction
material.
The spider is fitted on the driving shaft.
When centrifugal force is equal to spring force, the shoe is
just floating.
But, when centrifugal force higher than the spring force,
the shoes moves outward and comes into contact with the
driven member and pressure against it.
The increase of speed causes the shoes to press harder
and clutch transmit more power.

Centrifugal clutch

Positive Contact Clutch

It is consists of segmental projections on one of

the flange and corresponding recesses on other

flange on the driven shaft.
Driving flange rigidly keyed to the driving shaft
while the other flange is keyed to driven shaft by
splines so that it can slide on that shaft.
The sliding flange engage with the fixed flange to
transmit the motion and power from driving shaft.
This clutch is used for the transmission of power in
agricultural equipment like tractor, thresher, etc.

Positive Contact Clutch

Brakes
A brake is a mechanical device which
produces frictional resistance against
moving machine member, in order to
slow down the motion of machine.
In the process of performing this
function, the brake absorbs kinetic
energy of moving member and the
brake absorbs potential energy of
lowering member.
The energy absorbed by brakes is

Types of brakes

Block brake
(1) Single block or shoe brake:
()A single block is consists of a block which is

pressed against the rim of revolving brake wheel

drum.
()This brake is used in railway trains and tram
cars.
()The prony brake is example of block brake.

Single block or shoe brake:

(2) Double block or shoe brake:

It consists of two brake blocks at the
opposite ends of the wheel.
These shoes apply force to both sides of
wheel and reduces the unbalanced force on
the shaft.
The spring pulls the upper end of brake
arms together and brake is applied.
When a force is applied to the bell crank
lever, the spring is compressed and the brake
is released.
This brake is used on electric cranes.
The bicycle brake is example of double block

Double block or shoe brake:

Band brake
A band brake consists of a flexible steel band lined

with friction material, which wrap to the brake drum.

When an upward force is applied to the lever end, the
lever turns about the fulcrum pin and tightens the
band on the drum and hence the brakes are applied.
The friction between the band and the drum provides
the braking force.
This type of brake is used in civil construction
equipment and also in automobiles as hand brake.
The rope brake is example of band brake.

Band brake

Internal expanding shoe brake

An internal expanding shoe brake consists of two shoes.
The outer surface of the shoes are covered with

friction material.
Each shoe is pivoted at one end about a fixed fulcrum
and other end rests against cam.
When the cam is operated, the shoe are pushed
outwards against brake drum.
The friction between the shoes and the drum produces
the braking torque.
This type of brake is commonly used in motor cars and
light trucks.

Internal expanding shoe brake

Difference Between A Brake And

A Clutch

A brake is used to slow down or stop the motion

of a moving body, whereas a clutch is to

transmit the motion of a moving body to another
body by means of engagement.
In a brake , the force applied is converted into
frictional resistance , while in a clutch the force
is not converted into frictional resistance except
in case of slip.
A brake always remains disengaged and may be
engaged when required whereas a clutch always
remains engaged.

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