CHAPTER 1 - Power Point Slide Staistic

1
Chapter
Introduction to
Statistics
Copyright 2015, 2012, and 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter Outline
1.1 An Overview of Statistics

1.2 Data Classification
1.3 Frequency Distributions and Their Graphs
1.4 More Graphs and Displays
1.5 Measures of Central Tendency
1.6 Measures of Variation
1.7 Measures of Position
Objectives
The end of this chapter, students should be able :
The definition of statistics
Distinguish between a population and a sample and
between a parameter and a statistic
Distinguish between descriptive statistics and
inferential statistics
Distinguish between qualitative data and quantitative
data
Objectives
Constructed the frequency Distributions table,
Constructed frequency histograms, frequency polygons,
relative frequency histograms and ogives
Graph the quantitative data and qualitative data.
What is Data?
Data
Consist of information coming from observations, counts, measurements, or
responses.
People who eat three daily servings of whole grains

have been shown to reduce their risk ofstroke by
37%. (Source: Whole Grains Council)
Seventy percent of the 1500 U.S. spinal cord
injuries to minors result from vehicle accidents, and
68 percent were not wearing a seatbelt. (Source: UPI)
What is Statistics?
Statistics
The science of collecting,
organizing, analyzing, and
interpreting data in order to
make decisions.
Data Sets
Population
The collection of all outcomes,
responses, measurements, or
counts that are of interest.
Sample
A subset, or part, of the population.
Example: Identifying Data Sets

In a recent survey, 1500 adults in the United States were
asked if they thought there was solid evidence for global
warming. Eight hundred fifty-five of the adults said yes.
Identify the population and the sample. Describe the
data set. (Adapted from: Pew Research Center)
Solution: Identifying Data Sets

The population consists of the
responses of all adults in the U.S.
The sample consists of the
responses of the 1500 adults in the
U.S. in the survey.
The sample is a subset of the
responses of all adults in the U.S.
The data set consists of 855 yess
and 645 nos.
Responses of adults in
the U.S. (population)
Responses of
adults in survey
(sample)
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Parameter and Statistic

Parameter
A numerical description of a population
characteristic.
Average age of all people in the United States
Statistic
A numerical description of a sample
characteristic.
Average age of people from a sample
of three states
11
Example: Distinguish Parameter and Statistic

Decide whether the numerical value describes a
population parameter or a sample statistic.
1. A recent survey of a sample of college
career centers reported that the average
starting salary for petroleum
engineering majors is $83,121. (Source:
National Association of Colleges and
Employers)
Solution:
Sample statistic (the average of $83,121 is based
on a subset of the population)
12

2. The 2182 students who accepted
admission offers to Northwestern
University in 2009 have an average SAT
score of 1442. (Source: Northwestern
University)
Solution:
Population parameter (the SAT score of 1442 is
based on all the students who accepted admission
offers in 2009)
13

3. In a random check of 400 retail stores, the
Food and Drug Administration found that
34% of the stores were not storing fish at the
proper temperature.
Solution:
Sample statistic because the percent 34% is based
on a subset of the population.
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Branches of Statistics
Descriptive
Statistics Involves
organizing,
summarizing, and
displaying data.
Inferential Statistics
Involves using sample
data to draw
conclusions about a
population.
e.g. Tables, charts,

averages
16
Example: Descriptive and Inferential

Statistics
Decide which part of the study represents the descriptive branch
of statistics. What conclusions might be drawn from the study
using inferential statistics?
Question:
A large sample of men, aged 48,
was studied for 18 years. For
unmarried men, approximately
70% were alive at age 65. For
married men, 90% were alive at
age 65.
17
Solution: Descriptive and Inferential

Statistics
Descriptive statistics involves statements such as For unmarried
men, approximately 70% were alive at age 65 and For married
men, 90% were alive at 65.
A possible inference drawn from the study is that being married is
associated with a longer life for men.
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Types of Data
Qualitative Data
Consists of attributes, labels, or nonnumerical entries.
Major
Place of birth
Eye color
20
Types of Data
Quantitative data
Numerical measurements or counts.
Age
Weight of a letter
Temperature
21
Example: Classifying Data by Type

The base prices of several vehicles are shown in the
table. Which data are qualitative data and which are
quantitative data? (Source Ford Motor Company)
22
Solution: Classifying Data by Type
Qualitative Data
(Names of vehicle
models are nonnumerical
entries)
Quantitative Data
(Base prices of
vehicles models are
numerical entries)
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Frequency Distribution
Frequency Distribution
Class Frequency, f
A table that shows
Class width 1 5
5
classes or intervals of 6 1 = 5
6 10
8
data with a count of the
11 15
6
number of entries in each
16 20
8
class.
21 25
5
The frequency, f, of a
26 30
4
class is the number of
data entries in the class. Lower class
Upper class
limits
limits
25
Constructing a Frequency Distribution

1. Decide on the number of classes.
Usually between 5 and 20; otherwise, it may be
difficult to detect any patterns.
2. Find the class width.
Determine the range of the data.
Divide the range by the number of classes.
Round up to the next convenient number.
26

3. Find the class limits.
You can use the minimum data entry as the lower
limit of the first class.
Find the remaining lower limits (add the class
width to the lower limit of the preceding class).
Find the upper limit of the first class. Remember
that classes cannot overlap.
Find the remaining upper class limits.
27

4. Make a tally mark for each data entry in the row of
the appropriate class.
5. Count the tally marks to find the total frequency f
for each class.
28
Example: Constructing a Frequency

Distribution
The following sample data set lists the prices (in dollars)
of 30 portable global positioning system (GPS)
navigators. Construct a frequency distribution that has
seven classes.
90 130 400 200 350 70 325 250 150 250
275 270 150 130 59 200 160 450 300 130
220 100 200 400 200 250 95 180 170 150
29
Solution: Constructing a Frequency

Distribution
90 130 400 200 350 70 325 250 150 250
275 270 150 130 59 200 160 450 300 130
220 100 200 400 200 250 95 180 170 150
1. Number of classes = 7 (given)
2. Find the class width
max min 450 59 391
55.86
#classes
7
7
Round up to 56
30

Distribution
3. Use 59 (minimum value)
as first lower limit. Add
the class width of 56 to
get the lower limit of the
next class.
59 + 56 = 115
Find the remaining
lower limits.
Lower
limit
Class
width = 56
Upper
limit
59
115
171
227
283
339
395
31

Distribution
The upper limit of the first
class is 114 (one less than
the lower limit of the
second class).
Add the class width of 56
to get the upper limit of
the next class.
114 + 56 = 170
Find the remaining upper
limits.
Lower
limit
Upper
limit
59
115
114
170
171
227
283
226
282
338
339
395
394
450
Class
width = 56
32

Distribution
4. Make a tally mark for each data entry in the row of
the appropriate class.
5. Count the tally marks to find the total frequency f
for each class.
Class
Tally
Frequency, f
IIII
115 170
IIII III
171 226
IIII I
227 282
IIII
283 338
II
339 394
395 450
III
59 114
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Determining the Midpoint

Midpoint of a class
(Lower class limit) (Upper class limit)
2
Class
Midpoint
Frequency, f
59 114
59 114
86.5
2
115 170
115 170
142.5
2
171 226
171 226
198.5
2
Class width = 56
8
6
35
Determining the Relative Frequency

Relative Frequency of a class
Portion or percentage of the data that falls in a
particular class.
class frequency f
relative frequency
Sample size
n
Class
Frequency, f
59 114
115 170
171 226
Relative Frequency
5
0.17
30
8
0.27
30
6
0.2
30
36
Determining the Cumulative Frequency

Cumulative frequency of a class
The sum of the frequency for that class and all previous
classes.
Class
Frequency, f
Cumulative frequency
59 114
115 170
+ 8
13
171 226
+ 6
19
37
Expanded Frequency Distribution
Class
Frequency, f
Midpoint
Relative
frequency
59 114
86.5
0.17
115 170
142.5
0.27
13
171 226
198.5
0.2
19
227 282
254.5
0.17
24
283 338
310.5
0.07
26
339 394
366.5
0.03
27
395 450
422.5
0.1
30
f = 30
Cumulative
frequency
f
1
n
38
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Graphs of Frequency Distributions
frequency
Frequency Histogram
A bar graph that represents the frequency distribution.
The horizontal scale is quantitative and measures the
data values.
The vertical scale measures the frequencies of the
classes.
Consecutive bars must touch.
data values
40
Class Boundaries
Class boundaries
The numbers that separate classes without forming
gaps between them.
The distance from the upper
limit of the first class to the
lower limit of the second
class is 115 114 = 1.
Half this distance is 0.5.
Class
Class
Frequency,
Boundaries
f
59 114 58.5 114.5

115 170
171 226
First class lower boundary = 59 0.5 = 58.5

First class upper boundary = 114 + 0.5 = 114.5
41
Class Boundaries
Class
Class
boundaries
Frequency,
f
59 114
115 170
58.5 114.5
114.5 170.5
5
8
171 226
227 282
283 338
170.5 226.5
226.5 282.5
282.5 338.5
6
5
2
339 394
395 450
338.5 394.5
394.5 450.5
1
3
42
Example: Frequency Histogram

Construct a frequency histogram for the global
positioning system (GPS) navigators.
Class
Class
boundaries
Frequency,
Midpoint
f
59 114
58.5 114.5
86.5
115 170
114.5 170.5
142.5
171 226
170.5 226.5
198.5
227 282
226.5 282.5
254.5
283 338
282.5 338.5
310.5
339 394
338.5 394.5
366.5
395 450
394.5 450.5
422.5
43
Solution: Frequency Histogram

(using Midpoints)
44
Solution: Frequency Histogram

(using class boundaries)
You can see that more than half of the GPS navigators are
priced below $226.50.
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frequency
Frequency Polygon
A line graph that emphasizes the continuous change in
frequencies.
data values
47
Example: Frequency Polygon

Construct a frequency polygon for the GPS navigators
frequency distribution.
Class
Midpoint
Frequency, f
59 114
86.5
115 170
142.5
171 226
198.5
227 282
254.5
283 338
310.5
339 394
366.5
395 450
422.5
48
Solution: Frequency Polygon

The graph should
begin and end on the
horizontal axis, so
extend the left side to
one class width before
the first class
midpoint and extend
the right side to one
class width after the
last class midpoint.
You can see that the frequency of GPS navigators increases

up to $142.50 and then decreases.
49
relative
frequency
Relative Frequency Histogram

Has the same shape and the same horizontal scale as
the corresponding frequency histogram.
The vertical scale measures the relative frequencies,
not frequencies.
data values
50
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Example: Relative Frequency Histogram

Construct a relative frequency histogram for the GPS
navigators frequency distribution.
Class
Class
boundaries
Frequency,
f
Relative
frequency
59 114
58.5 114.5
86.5
0.17
115 170
114.5 170.5
142.5
0.27
171 226
170.5 226.5
198.5
0.2
227 282
226.5 282.5
254.5
0.17
283 338
282.5 338.5
310.5
0.07
339 394
338.5 394.5
366.5
0.03
395 450
394.5 450.5
422.5
0.1
52
Solution: Relative Frequency Histogram
6.5
18.5
30.5
42.5
54.5
66.5
78.5
90.5
From this graph you can see that 20% of GPS navigators are
priced between $114.50 and $170.50.
53
cumulative
frequency
Cumulative Frequency Graph or Ogive

A line graph that displays the cumulative frequency of
each class at its upper class boundary.
The upper boundaries are marked on the horizontal
axis.
The cumulative frequencies are marked on the vertical
axis.
data values
54
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Constructing an Ogive
1. Construct a frequency distribution that includes
cumulative frequencies as one of the columns.
2. Specify the horizontal and vertical scales.
The horizontal scale consists of the upper class
boundaries.
The vertical scale measures cumulative
frequencies.
3. Plot points that represent the upper class boundaries
and their corresponding cumulative frequencies.
56
Constructing an Ogive
4. Connect the points in order from left to right.
5. The graph should start at the lower boundary of the
first class (cumulative frequency is zero) and should
end at the upper boundary of the last class
(cumulative frequency is equal to the sample size).
57
Example: Ogive
Construct an ogive for the GPS navigators frequency
distribution.
Class
Class
boundaries
Frequency,
f
Cumulative
frequency
59 114
58.5 114.5
86.5
115 170
114.5 170.5
142.5
13
171 226
170.5 226.5
198.5
19
227 282
226.5 282.5
254.5
24
283 338
282.5 338.5
310.5
26
339 394
338.5 394.5
366.5
27
395 450
394.5 450.5
422.5
30
58
Solution: Ogive
6.5
18.5
30.5
42.5
54.5
66.5
78.5
90.5
From the ogive, you can see that about 25 GPS navigators cost
$300 or less. The greatest increase occurs between $114.50 and
$170.50.
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Graphing Quantitative Data Sets

Stem-and-leaf plot
Each number is separated into a stem and a leaf.
Similar to a histogram.
26
Still contains original data values.
Data: 21, 25, 25, 26, 27, 28,
30, 36, 36, 45
1 5 5 6 7 8
0 6 6
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Example: Constructing a Stem-and-Leaf

Plot
The following are the numbers of text messages sent last
month by the cellular phone users on one floor of a college
dormitory. Display the data in a stem-and-leaf plot.
155 159 144 129 105 145 126 116 130 114 122 112 112 142 126
156 118 108 122 121 109 140 126 119 113 117 118 109 109 119
139 139 122 78 133 126 123 145 121 134 124 119 132 133 124
129 112 126 148 147
62
Solution: Constructing a Stem-and-Leaf

Plot
155 159 144 129 105 145 126 116 130 114 122 112 112 142 126
156 118 108 122 121 109 140 126 119 113 117 118 109 109 119
139 139 122 78 133 126 123 145 121 134 124 119 132 133 124
129 112 126 148 147
The data entries go from a low of 78 to a high of 159.

Use the rightmost digit as the leaf.
For instance,
78 = 7 | 8 and 159 = 15 | 9
List the stems, 7 to 15, to the left of a vertical line.
For each data entry, list a leaf to the right of its stem.
63
Solution: Constructing a Stem-and-Leaf

Plot
Include a key to identify
the values of the data.
From the display, you can conclude that more than 50% of the
cellular phone users sent between 110 and 130 text messages.
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Graphing Quantitative Data Sets

Dot plot
Each data entry is plotted, using a point, above a
horizontal axis
Data: 21, 25, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 36, 36, 45
26
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
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Example: Constructing a Dot Plot

Use a dot plot organize the text messaging data.
155 159 144 129 105 145 126 116 130 114 122 112 112 142 126
156 118 108 122 121 109 140 126 119 113 117 118 109 109 119
139 139 122 78 133 126 123 145 121 134 124 119 132 133 124
129 112 126 148 147
So that each data entry is included in the dot plot, the horizontal axis should include
numbers between 70 and 160.
To represent a data entry, plot a point above the entry's position on the axis.
If an entry is repeated, plot another point above the previous point.
67
Solution: Constructing a Dot Plot

155 159 144 129 105 145 126 116 130 114 122 112 112 142 126
156 118 108 122 121 109 140 126 119 113 117 118 109 109 119
139 139 122 78 133 126 123 145 121 134 124 119 132 133 124
129 112 126 148 147
From the dot plot, you can see that most values cluster between 105 and 148 and the
value that occurs the most is 126. You can also see that 78 is an unusual data value.
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Graphing Qualitative Data Sets

Pie Chart
A circle is divided into sectors that represent
categories.
The area of each sector is proportional to the
frequency of each category.
70
Example: Constructing a Pie Chart

The numbers of earned degrees conferred (in thousands)
in 2007 are shown in the table. Use a pie chart to
organize the data. (Source: U.S. National Center for
Educational Statistics)
Type of degree
Number
(thousands)
Associates
Bachelors
Masters
First professional
Doctoral
.
728
1525
604
90
60
71
Solution: Constructing a Pie Chart
Find the relative frequency (percent) of each category.

Type of degree
Associates
Bachelors
Masters
Relative frequency
728
728
0.24
3007
1525
1525
0.51
3007
604
0.20
3007
90
0.03
3007
60
0.02
3007
604
First professional
Doctoral
Frequency, f
90
60
3007
72

Construct the pie chart using the central angle that
corresponds to each category.
To find the central angle, multiply 360 by the
category's relative frequency.
For example, the central angle for cars is
360(0.24) 86
73

Relative
Frequency, f frequency
Type of degree
Associates
728
0.24
360(0.24)86
Bachelors
1525
0.51
360(0.51)184
604
0.20
360(0.20)72
First professional
90
0.03
360(0.03)11
Doctoral
60
0.02
360(0.02)7
Masters
Central angle
74

Relative
frequency
Central
angle
Associates
0.24
86
Bachelors
0.51
184
Masters
0.20
72
First professional
0.03
11
Doctoral
0.02
Type of degree
From the pie chart, you can see that most fatalities in motor
vehicle crashes were those involving the occupants of cars.
.
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Graphing Qualitative Data Sets
Frequency
Pareto Chart
A vertical bar graph in which the height of each bar
represents frequency or relative frequency.
The bars are positioned in order of decreasing height,
with the tallest bar positioned at the left.
Categories
.
77
Graphing Paired Data Sets

Paired Data Sets
Each entry in one data set corresponds to one entry in
a second data set.
Graph using a scatter plot.
The ordered pairs are graphed as y
points in a coordinate plane.
Used to show the relationship
between two quantitative variables.
x
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WEEK 2
80
Objectives
Find the mean, median, and mode of a population and
of a sample (measures of central tendency)
Find the range of a data, the variance and standard
deviation of a population and of a sample
Find the first, second, and third quartiles of a data set,
the interquartile range of a data set, and represent a data
set graphically using a box-and whisker plot
81
Measures of Central Tendency

Measure of central tendency
A value that represents a typical, or central, entry of a
data set.
Most common measures of central tendency:
Mean
Median
Mode
82
Measure of Central Tendency: Mean

Mean (average)
The sum of all the data entries divided by the number
of entries.
Sigma notation: x = add all of the data entries (x)
in the data set.
x
Population mean:
N
Sample mean:
x
x
n
83
Example: Finding a Sample Mean

The prices (in dollars) for a sample of roundtrip flights
from Chicago, Illinois to Cancun, Mexico are listed.
What is the mean price of the flights?
872 432 397 427 388 782 397
84
Solution: Finding a Sample Mean

872 432 397 427 388 782 397
The sum of the flight prices is

x = 872
+ 432 + 397 + 427 + 388 + 782 + 397 = 3695
To find the mean price, divide the sum of the prices by the number of prices in the
sample
x 3695
x
527.9
n
7
The mean price of the flights is about $527.90.
.
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Measure of Central Tendency: Median

Median
The value that lies in the middle of the data when the data
set is ordered.
Measures the center of an ordered data set by dividing it
into two equal parts.
If the data set has an
odd number of entries: median is the middle data
entry.
even number of entries: median is the mean of the
two middle data entries.
.
87
Example: Finding the Median

Find the median of the flight prices.
872 432 397 427 388 782 397
88
Solution: Finding the Median

872 432 397 427 388 782 397
First order the data.

388 397 397 427 432 782 872
There are seven entries (an odd number), the median
is the middle, or fourth, data entry.
The median price of the flights is $427.
89
Example: Finding the Median

The flight priced at $432 is no longer available. What is
the median price of the remaining flights?
872 397 427 388 782 397
90
Solution: Finding the Median

872 397 427 388 782 397
First order the data.

388 397 397 427 782 872
There are six entries (an even number), the median is
the mean of the two middle entries.
397 427
Median
412
2
The median price of the flights is $412.
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Measure of Central Tendency: Mode

Mode
The data entry that occurs with the greatest frequency.
If no entry is repeated the data set has no mode.
If two entries occur with the same greatest frequency,
each entry is a mode (bimodal).
93
Example: Finding the Mode

Find the mode of the flight prices.
872 432 397 427 388 782 397
94
Solution: Finding the Mode

872 432 397 427 388 782 397
Ordering the data helps to find the mode.

388 397 397 427 432 782 872
The entry of 397 occurs twice, whereas the other
data entries occur only once.
The mode of the flight prices is $397.
95
Example: Finding the Mode

At a political debate a sample of audience members was
asked to name the political party to which they belong.
Their responses are shown in the table. What is the
mode of the responses?
Political Party
Frequency, f
Democrat
34
Republican
56
Other
21
Did not respond
96
Solution: Finding the Mode

Political Party
Frequency, f
Democrat
34
Republican
56
Other
21
Did not respond
The mode is Republican (the response occurring with the greatest frequency). In this
sample there were more Republicans than people of any other single affiliation.
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Example: Comparing the Mean, Median,

and Mode
Find the mean, median, and mode of the sample ages of
a class shown. Which measure of central tendency best
describes a typical entry of this data set? Are there any
outliers?
Ages in a class
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
24
24
65
99
Solution: Comparing the Mean, Median,

and Mode
Ages in a class
Mean:
Median:
Mode:
.
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
24
24
65
x 20 20 ... 24 65
x
23.8 years
n
20
21 22
21.5 years
2
20 years (the entry occurring with the

greatest frequency)
100

and Mode
Mean 23.8 years
Median = 21.5 years
Mode = 20 years
The mean takes every entry into account, but is

influenced by the outlier of 65.
The median also takes every entry into account, and
it is not affected by the outlier.
In this case the mode exists, but it doesn't appear to
represent a typical entry.
101

and Mode
Sometimes a graphical comparison can help you decide which measure of central
tendency best represents a data set.
In this case, it appears that the median best describes the data set.
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Mean of Grouped Data

Mean of a Frequency Distribution
Approximated by
( x f )
x
n
n f
where x and f are the midpoints and frequencies of a

class, respectively
104
Finding the Mean of a Frequency

Distribution
In Words
In Symbols
1. Find the midpoint of each

class.
(lower limit)+(upper limit)

x
2
2. Find the sum of the

products of the midpoints
and the frequencies.
( x f )
3. Find the sum of the

frequencies.
n f
4. Find the mean of the

frequency distribution.
.
( x f )
x
n
105
Example: Find the Mean of a Frequency

Distribution
Use the frequency distribution to approximate the mean
number of minutes that a sample of Internet subscribers
spent online during their most recent session.
Class
Midpoint
Frequency, f
7 18
12.5
19 30
24.5
10
31 42
36.5
13
43 54
48.5
55 66
60.5
67 78
72.5
79 90
84.5
106
Solution: Find the Mean of a Frequency

Distribution
Class
Midpoint, x Frequency, f
(xf)
7 18
12.5
12.56 = 75.0
19 30
24.5
10
24.510 = 245.0
31 42
36.5
13
36.513 = 474.5
43 54
48.5
48.58 = 388.0
55 66
60.5
60.55 = 302.5
67 78
72.5
72.56 = 435.0
79 90
84.5
84.52 = 169.0
n = 50
(xf) = 2089.0
( x f ) 2089
x
41.8 minutes
n
50
.
107
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108
The Shape of Distributions

Symmetric Distribution
A vertical line can be drawn through the middle of a graph of the
distribution and the resulting halves are approximately mirror images.
109

Skewed Left Distribution (negatively skewed)
The tail of the graph elongates more to the left.
The mean is to the left of the median.
110

Skewed Right Distribution (positively skewed)
The tail of the graph elongates more to the right.
The mean is to the right of the median.
111
Range
Range
The difference between the maximum and minimum
data entries in the set.
The data must be quantitative.
Range = (Max. data entry) (Min. data entry)
112
Example: Finding the Range

A corporation hired 10 graduates. The starting salaries
for each graduate are shown. Find the range of the
starting salaries.
Starting salaries (1000s of dollars)
41 38 39 45 47 41 44 41 37 42
113
Solution: Finding the Range

Ordering the data helps to find the least and greatest
salaries.
37 38 39 41 41 41 42 44 45 47
minimum
maximum
Range = (Max. salary) (Min. salary)

= 47 37 = 10
The range of starting salaries is 10 or $10,000.
114
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115
Deviation, Variance, and Standard

Deviation
Deviation
The difference between the data entry, x, and the
mean of the data set.
Population data set:
Deviation of x = x
Sample data set:
Deviation of x = x x
116
Example: Finding the Deviation

for each graduate are shown. Find the deviation of the
starting salaries.
41 38 39 45 47 41 44 41 37 42
Solution:
First determine the mean starting salary.
x 415
41.5
N
10
.
117
Solution: Finding the Deviation

Determine the
deviation for each data
entry.
Salary ($1000s), x Deviation: x

41
41 41.5 = 0.5
38
38 41.5 = 3.5
39
39 41.5 = 2.5
45
45 41.5 = 3.5
47
47 41.5 = 5.5
41
41 41.5 = 0.5
44
44 41.5 = 2.5
41
41 41.5 = 0.5
37
37 41.5 = 4.5
42
42 41.5 = 0.5
x = 415
(x ) = 0
118

Deviation
Population Variance
( x )

N
2
Sum of squares, SSx
Population Standard Deviation

2
(
x
)
2
119
Finding the Population Variance &

Standard Deviation
In Words
In Symbols
x

population data set.
2. Find deviation of each

entry.
3. Square each deviation.
(x )2
4. Add to get the sum of

squares.
SSx = (x )2
120
Finding the Population Variance &

Standard Deviation
In Words
In Symbols
5. Divide by N to get the

population variance.
(
x
)
2
N
6. Find the square root to get

the population standard
deviation.
( x ) 2
121
Example: Finding the Population

Standard Deviation
for each graduate are shown. Find the population
variance and standard deviation of the starting salaries.
41 38 39 45 47 41 44 41 37 42
Recall = 41.5.
122
Solution: Finding the Population

Standard Deviation
Determine SSx
N = 10
Salary, x
Deviation: x
Squares: (x )2
41
41 41.5 = 0.5
(0.5)2 = 0.25
38
38 41.5 = 3.5
(3.5)2 = 12.25
39
39 41.5 = 2.5
(2.5)2 = 6.25
45
45 41.5 = 3.5
(3.5)2 = 12.25
47
47 41.5 = 5.5
(5.5)2 = 30.25
41
41 41.5 = 0.5
(0.5)2 = 0.25
44
44 41.5 = 2.5
(2.5)2 = 6.25
41
41 41.5 = 0.5
(0.5)2 = 0.25
37
37 41.5 = 4.5
(4.5)2 = 20.25
42
42 41.5 = 0.5
(0.5)2 = 0.25
(x ) = 0
.
SSx = 88.5
123
Solution: Finding the Population

Standard Deviation
Population Variance
( x )
88.5
8.9

N
10
2
Population Standard Deviation

8.85 3.0
2
The population standard deviation is about 3.0, or $3000.
124
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125

Deviation
Sample Variance
( x x )
s
n 1
2
Sample Standard Deviation
(
x
x
)
s s2
n 1
126
Finding the Sample Variance & Standard

Deviation
In Words
In Symbols
x
n

sample data set.
2. Find deviation of each

entry.
xx
3. Square each deviation.
( x x )2
4. Add to get the sum of

squares.
SS x ( x x ) 2
127
Finding the Sample Variance & Standard

Deviation
In Words
In Symbols
5. Divide by n 1 to get the

sample variance.
6. Find the square root to get
the sample standard
deviation.
(
x
x
)
s2
n 1
( x x ) 2
s
n 1
128
Example: Finding the Sample Standard

Deviation
The starting salaries are for the Chicago branches of a
corporation. The corporation has several other branches,
and you plan to use the starting salaries of the Chicago
branches to estimate the starting salaries for the larger
population. Find the sample standard deviation of the
starting salaries.
41 38 39 45 47 41 44 41 37 42
129
Solution: Finding the Sample Standard

Deviation
Determine SSx
n = 10
Salary, x
Deviation: x
Squares: (x )2
41
41 41.5 = 0.5
(0.5)2 = 0.25
38
38 41.5 = 3.5
(3.5)2 = 12.25
39
39 41.5 = 2.5
(2.5)2 = 6.25
45
45 41.5 = 3.5
(3.5)2 = 12.25
47
47 41.5 = 5.5
(5.5)2 = 30.25
41
41 41.5 = 0.5
(0.5)2 = 0.25
44
44 41.5 = 2.5
(2.5)2 = 6.25
41
41 41.5 = 0.5
(0.5)2 = 0.25
37
37 41.5 = 4.5
(4.5)2 = 20.25
42
42 41.5 = 0.5
(0.5)2 = 0.25
(x ) = 0
.
SSx = 88.5
130
Solution: Finding the Sample Standard

Deviation
Sample Variance
( x x )
88.5
9.8
s
n 1
10 1
2
Sample Standard Deviation
88.5
3.1
s s
9
2
The sample standard deviation is about 3.1, or $3100.
131
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132
Interpreting Standard Deviation

Standard deviation is a measure of the typical amount
an entry deviates from the mean.
The more the entries are spread out, the greater the
standard deviation.
133
Interpreting Standard Deviation:

Empirical Rule (68 95 99.7 Rule)
For data with a (symmetric) bell-shaped distribution, the
standard deviation has the following characteristics:
About 68% of the data lie within one standard
deviation of the mean.
About 95% of the data lie within two standard
deviations of the mean.
About 99.7% of the data lie within three standard
deviations of the mean.
.
134
Interpreting Standard Deviation:

Empirical Rule (68 95 99.7 Rule)
99.7% within 3 standard deviations
95% within 2 standard deviations
68% within 1
standard deviation
34%
2.35%
x 3s
.
34%
13.5%
x 2s
13.5%
x s
xs
2.35%
x 2s
x 3s
135
Standard Deviation for Grouped Data

Sample standard deviation for a frequency distribution
When a frequency distribution has classes, estimate the sample mean and standard deviation by using the midpoint of each class.
( x x ) 2 f
s
n 1
where n= f (the number of entries in the data

set)
136
Example: Finding the Standard Deviation

for Grouped Data
You collect a random sample of the
number of children per household in
a region. Find the sample mean and
the sample standard deviation of the
data set.
Number of Children in
50 Households
1
4
137
Solution: Finding the Standard Deviation

for Grouped Data
First construct a frequency distribution.
x
Find the mean of the frequency distribution.

0
10
xf 91
x
1.8
n
50
The sample mean is about 1.8 children.
xf
0(10) = 0
19
1(19) = 19
2(7) = 14
3(7) =21
4(2) = 8
5(1) = 5
6(4) = 24
f = 50 (xf )= 91
138

for Grouped Data
Determine the sum of squares.
x
xx
( x x )2
10
0 1.8 = 1.8
(1.8)2 = 3.24
3.24(10) = 32.40
19
1 1.8 = 0.8
(0.8)2 = 0.64
0.64(19) = 12.16
2 1.8 = 0.2
(0.2)2 = 0.04
0.04(7) = 0.28
3 1.8 = 1.2
(1.2)2 = 1.44
1.44(7) = 10.08
4 1.8 = 2.2
(2.2)2 = 4.84
4.84(2) = 9.68
5 1.8 = 3.2
(3.2)2 = 10.24
10.24(1) = 10.24
6 1.8 = 4.2
(4.2)2 = 17.64
17.64(4) = 70.56
( x x )2 f
( x x ) 2 f 145.40
.
139

for Grouped Data
Find the sample standard deviation.
x 2 x
( x x )2
( x x ) f
145.40
s
1.7
n 1
50 1
( x x )2 f
The standard deviation is about 1.7 children.
140
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141
Quartiles
Fractiles are numbers that partition (divide) an ordered
data set into equal parts.
Quartiles approximately divide an ordered data set into
four equal parts.
First quartile, Q1: About one quarter of the data fall
on or below Q1.
Second quartile, Q2: About one half of the data fall on
or below Q2 (median).
Third quartile, Q3: About three quarters of the data
fall on or below Q3.
.
142
Example: Finding Quartiles

The number of nuclear power plants in the top 15 nuclear
power-producing countries in the world are listed. Find
the first, second, and third quartiles of the data set.
7 18 11 6 59 17 18 54 104 20 31 8 10 15 19
Solution:
Q2 divides the data set into two halves.
Lower half
Upper half
6 7 8 10 11 15 17 18 18 19 20 31 54 59 104
Q2
.
143
Solution: Finding Quartiles

The first and third quartiles are the medians of the lower and
upper halves of the data set.
Lower half
Upper half
6 7 8 10 11 15 17 18 18 19 20 31 54 59 104
Q1
Q2
Q3
About one fourth of the countries have 10 or less,

about one half have 18 or less; and about three fourths
have 31 or less.
.
144
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145
Interquartile Range
Interquartile Range (IQR)
The difference between the third and first quartiles.
IQR = Q3 Q1
146
Example: Finding the Interquartile Range

Find the interquartile range of the data set.
Recall Q1 = 10, Q2 = 18, and Q3 = 31
Solution:
IQR = Q3 Q1 = 31 10 = 21
The number of power plants in the middle portion of
the data set vary by at most 21.
147
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148
Box-and-Whisker Plot
Box-and-whisker plot
Exploratory data analysis tool.
Highlights important features of a data set.
Requires (five-number summary):
Minimum entry
First quartile Q1
Median Q2
Third quartile Q3
Maximum entry
.
149
Drawing a Box-and-Whisker Plot

1. Find the five-number summary of the data set.
2. Construct a horizontal scale that spans the range of
the data.
3. Plot the five numbers above the horizontal scale.
4. Draw a box above the horizontal scale from Q1 to Q3
and draw a vertical line in the box at Q2.
5. Draw whiskers from the box to the minimum and
maximum entries.
Box
Whisker
Minimum
entry
.
Whisker
Q1
Median, Q2
Q3
Maximum
entry
150
Example: Drawing a Box-and-Whisker

Plot
Draw a box-and-whisker plot that represents the 15 data
set.
Min = 6, Q1 = 10, Q2 = 18, Q3 = 31, Max = 104,
Solution:
About half the scores are between 10 and 31. By looking

at the length of the right whisker, you can conclude 104
is a possible outlier.
.
151
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152
Percentiles and Other Fractiles
Fractiles
Quartiles
Summary
Divides data into 4 equal
parts
Symbols
Q1, Q2, Q3
Deciles

parts
D1, D2, D3,, D9
Percentiles

parts
P1, P2, P3,, P99
153
Percentile that corresponds to a specific

data entry, x
And the round to the nearest whole number
154
Example: Finding a percentile

For the data set below, find the percentile that corresponds to $30, 000
38 33 40 42 34 27 44 38 32 34 45 32 23 46 27 23 30 27 41
22 26 45 31 26 19
Solution:
The tuition cost of $30,000 corresponds to the 36th percentile

Interpretation : The tuition cost of $30,000 is greater than 36% of the other tuition
costs.
.
155
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CHAPTER 1 - Power Point Slide Staistic

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Copyright 2015, 2012, and 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.1 An Overview of Statistics

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People who eat three daily servings of whole grains

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Example: Identifying Data Sets

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Solution: Identifying Data Sets

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Parameter and Statistic

Example: Distinguish Parameter and Statistic

Example: Distinguish Parameter and Statistic

Example: Distinguish Parameter and Statistic

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e.g. Tables, charts,

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Example: Descriptive and Inferential

Solution: Descriptive and Inferential

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Example: Classifying Data by Type

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Solution: Classifying Data by Type

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Constructing a Frequency Distribution

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Constructing a Frequency Distribution

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Constructing a Frequency Distribution

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Example: Constructing a Frequency

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Solution: Constructing a Frequency

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Solution: Constructing a Frequency

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Solution: Constructing a Frequency

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Solution: Constructing a Frequency

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Determining the Midpoint

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Determining the Relative Frequency

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Determining the Cumulative Frequency

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Expanded Frequency Distribution

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Graphs of Frequency Distributions

59 114 58.5 114.5

First class lower boundary = 59 0.5 = 58.5

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