Syllabes of

331 chem course

Kinetic theory.
Forces between atoms, ions and molecules.
Colligative properties. Vapor pressure and enthalpy. Boiling
and freezing.

Solid phase and its structure. Solubility and dissociation

Phase equilibrium.

Ideal and non-ideal solutions . Solvent and solute activities.

Ion hydration.

Born and Debye-Hkle models.

Activity coefficient. Electrolytic conductance. Ionic mobility.

Transport number. Diffusion, transport and Fixs laws.

Formation of colloidal dispersions, Colloid stability,

Reference of course
Physical chemistry, Gordon Barow, Ch 1,2,9,10,17

331 chem course

Reference of these Slides :
1.
James Brady
2. (Meteorology Today) Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
3. (from The Blue Planet) ESS55 Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
4.
(Harcourt school Publishers)
5. Lecture Plus Timberlake 2000

Objective for gases

Revision of Characteristics of Gases, ideal gas law,

Daltons law of partial pressures.
Kinetic Molecular Theory :
Kinetic energy of gases, molecular speed
Deviations from ideal behaviour
Condensation of gases

GASES (Harcourt school Publishers)

A windy day or a still day is a result of the difference in

pressure of gases in two different locations.

What are the important Characteristics of Gases ??

Gases have a number of Properties such as:

1) Gases are compressible
2) Gases exert pressure
3) Gas pressure depends on the amount of
confined gas
4) Gases fill their container
5) Gases mix freely with each other (infinitely
miscible)
6) Gas pressure increases with temperature
7)Gases have low viscosity (Gases flow much
easier than liquids or solids)

Boyles Law
Hyperbolic Relation Between Pressure and Volume
T1 T T
2
3

T3 >T2>T1

isotherms

p
V
p V Diagram

(courtesy F. Remer)

Charles Law
Linear Relation Between Temperature and Pressure

V1 <V2 <V3
V1

isochors

V2
V3

100

200
T (K)

P T Diagram

300
(courtesy F. Remer)

What is the ideal gas law ??

PV nRT
R universal gas constant
L .atm
0.0821
K.mol
How can we calculate Gas density & Molecular mass??

PV= nRT = m RT
M
PM =m RT = d RT
V
PM= dRT

(from Meteorology Today) Prof. Jin-Yi Yu

Question 1:
Explain the following graph.
The atmospheric pressure
decreases exponentially
With height .

Question 2:
If a helium balloon 1 m in
diameter is released at sea
level will it expand or shrink
why?

(from The Blue Planet) ESS55

Prof. Jin-Yi Yu
Example
If a helium balloon 1 m in
diameter is released at sea
level, it expands as it floats
upward because of the
pressure decrease. The
balloon would be 6.7 m in
diameter as a height of 40
km.

What is Mole fraction? ?:

For a mixture of A, B, substances, mole
fraction of substance i (Xi)

nA
XA
, ni moles of i
nA nB ... nZ

What is Daltons law of partial pressures ??

PTotal

Pi

X
1 X

PA PB ....

PTotal X B PTotal ....

X B ...

from James Bradey

Gases are often collected over water , they are saturated
with water vapor. The pressure this vapor exerts is
called the vapor pressure

As gas bubbles through water, water vapor gets into the gas so
the total pressure inside the bottle includes the partial pressure
of the water vapor.

Temperatur e (o C)
0

Vapor Pressure (torr)

4.579

20
30

17.54
31.82

40
100

55.32
760.0

Vapor pressure of
water at various
temperatures.

The total pressure is the pressure of the gas

plus the vapor pressure of water vapor

Ptotal Pgas Pwater vapor

Pgas Ptotal Pwater vapor

or

Ideal Gas Model

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) for an ideal gas
states that all gas particles:
1. Gas consists of large number of particles (atoms or
molecules) hard spheres of insignificant volume
2. are in random, constant, straight-line motion.
3. are separated by great distances relative to their size.
4. have no attractive forces between them.
5. have collisions that may result in the transfer of
energy between gas particles, but the total energy of
the system remains constant. Newtonian Mechanics is
used.

What is the Kinetic Energy &Avg speed of a molecule ??

Compare KEavg of two different gases at the same temp.
KE (one mole) = 3/2 RT
KE (one molecule ) = 3 RT = 3 kB T
2NA

R= gas constant, NA = Avogadro's Number , kB is Boltzmanns constant

KE (one molecule) = (1/2)m2

KE (one mole) = NA (1/2)m2 = (1/2)M2
Avg velocity of one mole gas 2 = 3RT
M
.m is the mass of a gas particle , M is the molecular mass

Maxwell distribution :
In 1859, James Clerk Maxwell (1831 1879) worked out a formula for
the most probable distribution of speeds in a gas .
Molecules in a gas sample
move at a variety of speeds . speed of
each molecule constantly changing
due to countless collisions(about 1
billion per second for each molecule).
At low temperature most molecules
move close to the average speed , at
higher temperature there is greater
distribution of speeds.

Maxwell distribution of speeds :

Just for your knowledge do not memorize

GASES (Harcourt school Publishers)

Brownian motion. Chaotic motion of

minute particle suspended in a gas or
liquid

Ideal vs. Non-Ideal Gases

x x

Kinetic Theory Assumptions

Point Mass
No Forces Between Molecules
Molecules Exert Pressure Via Elastic Collisions
With Walls
(courtesy F. Remer)

Ideal vs. Non-Ideal Gases

Non-Ideal Gas
Violates Assumptions
Volume of molecules
Attractive forces of molecules
(courtesy F. Remer)

Deviations from ideal behaviour

Question :
At what condition a real gas behaves like an ideal
gas ??
A real gas behaves like an ideal gas when the real
gas is at low pressure and high temperature.
At high pressures gas particles are close therefore
the volume of the gas particles is considered.
At low temperatures gas particles have low kinetic
energy therefore particles have some attractive
force
Example
Dry ice, liquid oxygen and nitrogen

State Differences between ideal gases & real gases

Real gases behave as described by the ideal gas
equation; no real gas is actually ideal.
Within a few %, ideal gas equation describes most
real gases at room temperature and pressures of 1
atm or less.
In real gases, particles attract each other reducing
the pressure.
Real gases behave more like ideal gases as
pressure approaches zero.

James Bradey
Deviation from ideal
gas law. A plot of
PV/T versus P for an
ideal gas is a straight
line. The same plot
for oxygen is not a
straight line.

What is wrong in this graph???

Results for Real Gases

(a) In an ideal gas, molecules would travel in straight

lines. (b) In a real gas, the paths would curve due to
the attractions between molecules.
Deviations from ideal behavior occur because:

1) Gas molecules interact and

2) Gas molecules occupy a finite volume

J. D. van der Waals corrected the ideal gas

equation into :

Pmeasured

n2a
V

2
measured

n2a
V

2
measured

Vmeasured nb nRT

: increases measured P up to ideal gas value

nb : reduces measured V to ideal gas value

The constants a and b are called the van der Waals

constants a, b are different for each gas

Substance
Helium, He
Neon, Ne
Hydrogen, H 2

a
b
L2 atm mol 2 L mol 1
0.03421
0.02370
0.2107
0.02444

0.01709
0.02661

Ammonia, NH 3

4.170

0.03707

Water, H 2 O

5.464

0.03049

At sea level the atmospheric pressure is about

14.7 psi
Other common pressure units are the bar:
1.00 atm =760mmHg =14.7 psi =1.0133 bar

Temperature Scale