Magnetism

In physics, magnetism is a force that

can attract (pull closer) or repel (push
away) objects that have a magnetic
material like iron inside them
(magnetic objects).
The power of attraction between two
elements is called magnetism.
In simpler words it is a property of
certain substances which pull closer or
repel other objects.
Magnetic materials are matter that is
attracted by magnets.
It attracts opposite poles and repel
same poles.

Magnetic and Non-Magnetic

Materials

Magnetic Material: Magnetic materials are matter that is

attracted by magnets. Magnetic materials can be made into
magnets.
e. g: Iron, steel, nickel, cobalt and many alloys based on these
metals.

Non-Magnetic Materials: Non-magnetic materials are

matter that is not attracted by magnets. Non-magnetic materials

cannot be made into magnets.
e. g: Wood, glass, plastics and metals such as copper and brass.

Types of Magnetism
1.

Permanent Magnet:

Permanent magnets are

those we are most familier
with, such as the magnets
hanging onto our refrigerator

doors.
They are permanent in the
sense that once they are
magnetized, they retain a
level of magnetism.

Temporary Magnet

Temporary magnets are

those which act like a
permanent magnet when they
are within a strong magnetic
field, but lose their
magnetism when the
magnetic field disappears.
Examples would be paperclips
and nails and other soft iron
items.

Electromagnetism

Electricity and magnetism are

two aspects of
electromagnetism.
Magnetism produced by an
electric current, and electric
current produced by a
changing magnetic field. The
branch of physics that deals
with the interaction of electric
and magnetic fields.

Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetismis the basic
mechanism by which certain materials
(such asiron) formpermanent magnets,
or are attracted tomagnets.
Ferromagnetismis the strongest type:
it is the only one that typically creates
forces strong enough to be felt, and is
responsible for the common phenomena
of magnetism inmagnets encountered
in daily life.
Ferromagnetism is a kind of magnetism
that is associated with iron, cobalt,
nickel, and some alloys or compounds
containing one or more of these
elements.

General Properties of Magnetism

All the magnets have two types of poles: north-seeking

poles or north poles and south-seeking poles or south
poles.
The magnetic strength is the strongest at the poles of the
magnet.
When you freely suspend a bar magnet in a horizontal
position, the magnetic field of the bar magnet will
interact with the magnetic field of the Earth. This will
cause the bar magnet to come to rest in a north-south
direction, where the north pole of the magnet points to
the north pole of the Earth.

Properties of Magnets

Like poles repel and unlike poles attract. (just as

like
charges repel and
unlike charges attract).
Magnets attract magnetic materials such as iron,
steel, cobalt and nickel.
The stronger a magnet, thelarger will be the
attractive or repulsive force between other
magnets.
The closer together the two magnetsare, the
greater is the magnetic force between them.

Induction

When a magnet is passed

through a coil of wire, it
produces an electric current .
The direction of the flow of the
current depends on the
direction on which the magnet
moves.
In the above diagram, the
current flow from right to left
and in the bottom diagram, the
current flows from left to right.

Magnetic Flux and Magnetic field

Magnetic Flux:
A measure of the quantity of magnetism, being the total
number of magnetic lines
of force passing through specified area in a magnetic fiel
d.

Magnetic Field: A region around a magnetic material

or a moving electric charge within which the force of
magnetism acts is called magnetic field.

Hall Effect and Flux Density

Hall Effect: The production of a potential difference

across a conductor carrying an electric current when a
magnetic field is applied in a direction perpendicular to
that of the current flow.

Flux Density: Flux Density (B) is defined as the force

acting per unit current per unit length on a wire placed at
right angles to the magnetic field.