SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT
Definition:
The development to
meet the needs of the present
without compromising the
ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.

 Improving and
protecting the
natural
resources by
integrating
ecological,
economic, and
social
perspectives.

COMPONENTS OF
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Economic development (job
oppurtunities,use of natural resources
etc)
Community development (food,
education etc)
Environmental protection(clear
air,water etc for the present and future
generations)

CONCEPT OF
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Developing approprite technology
waste minimisation to be adopted
with more recycling and reusing of
materials
Enhancing scientific management
of renewable resources

URBANISATION
Definition :
The process of movement of
human population from rural to
urban areas in search of better
economic interests with better
education, communication,
health, civic facilities and other
day to day needs.

URBANISATION IN LOS
ANGELES

Urban problems related to energy

Residential and commercial lightings
Transportation
Industries using a large proportion of
energy
Modern life-style using a large
number of electrical gadgets (fan,
fridge)
Control and prevention of pollution
need more energy dependent
technologies.

SOLUTIONS
Use public transport
Saving energy by proper
utilization
Use of energy efficient
technology
Controlled population
Using solar energy and wind
energy

WATER CONSERVATION
rain water harvesting
Watershed management
Construction of storage reservoirs
Reuse of industrial waste water
Better agricultural practices

RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Definition:
process of collection of rainwater directly or
recharging it into the ground to improve
groundwater storage in the aquifer.
Components:
1. catchment surface
2. filtering remove contaminants
3. conveyance transport channels or pipes
4. storage tanks
5. purification distillation etc
6. distribution delivers the rainwater

RAIN WATER HARVESTING

METHODS OF
RAINWATER
HARVESTING
absorption pit method

Absorption well method

Well and cum bore method

ABSORPTION PIT METHOD

Suitable for gravelly
soil
Hand bore is made
Absorption pit of
about 10 inches
diameter and 4 to 8
meters length
Pebbles or brick at
bottom and river
sand on top
Square or circular
collection chamber
with silt arrester
Perforated slab to
cover the pit

ABSORPTION OR PERCOLATION
WELL METHOD
Diameter of 0.60 to
2 meters
Cement rings
No filtering medium
Top portion is
covered with slab
of suitable
thickness

Well cum bore method

Clayey soil
Percolation well of
3 to 5m depth
Hand bore upto a
depth of 3 to 5m
height
Pipe of 150mm
diameter inserted
into the bore
Well filled with
pebbles and sand
Pipe filled with
pebbles

Advantages rainwater harvesting

1. increases groundwater level
2. prevents soil erosion and flood
3. requires less space
4. simple to install and operate

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
WATERSHED geographic area
from which water in a particular
stream, lake or estuary
originates.
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
a process aimed at
protecting and restoring the
habitat and water resources of
a watershed, incorporating the
needs of multiple stakeholders.

IMPACTS OF HUMANS ON
WATERSHED

Overgrazing,deforestation,mining
Adding pollution sources
Urbanization
Droughty climates also affects
GOALS OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
A. preserve the environment
B. use the most cost-effective means

CAUSES OF RELOCATION
developmental activities
disasters
conservation initiatives
RESETTLEMENT
the process of simple relocation or
displacement of human population
without considering their individual,
community or societal needs.

REHABILITATION
Definition:
The process of replacing the lost
economic assets, rebuilding the
community systems that have been
weakened by displacement attending
to the psychological trauma of forced
separation from livelihood.
Case study:
a. Dal Lake development and
conservation project
b. Sardar Sarovar Dam

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
refers to the issues, principles and
guidelines relating to human interactions
with their environmental.
GUIDELINES:
1. love and honour the earth
2. celebrate the seasons
3. no right to drive then to extinction
4. grateful to nature as they nourish us
5. consume in moderate amounts
6. we should not waste our resources on
destructive weapons.

CLIMATE CHANGE
neither new nor unusual

Earths surface undergone prolonged

periods of global warming and global
cooling
Ice melted during warmer period
Incoming solar energy balanced by an
equal amount of outgoing energy to have a
constant temperature
natural process called greenhouse effect
warms the earths surface.

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

defined as the progressive warming up

of the earths surface due to the
blanketing effect of man made CO 2 in
the atmosphere.
Solar radiation absorbed at the earths
surface is emitted back as infrared
radiation.
The four green house gases are CO2 ,
CH4, N2O , CFC s.
CO 2 is the most common and important
green house gas.

GLOBAL WARMING

Enhanced green house effect

More accurate name would be
global climate instability
influence on
sea level, agriculture and forestry,
water resources, terrestrial
ecosystems, human health
check global warming
1. reducing the use of fossil fuels
to control CO 2 emissions.

2. implement energy conservation measures

3. utilize renewable resources
4. planting more trees
5. shift coal to natural gas
6. adopt sustainable agriculture
7. stabilize population growth
8. remove CO 2 from smoke stacks
9. remove atmospheric CO 2 by utilizing
photosynthetic algae

ACID RAIN ACID RAIN

nitrous oxide and sulphur dioxide from
industries and vehicles react with water
vapour in the atmosphere to form acids
pH of the rain water is lowered
may be wet or dry deposition
effects on
a. human beings nervous system,respiratory
system,digestive
system,asthma,bronchitis etc

ACID RAIN

b. buildings
corrodes the property and reduce its values
and
also the cultural objects,
increased maintenance costs.
c. terrestrial and lake ecosystem
reduced rate of photosynthesis,
retards the growth of plants,
lowers the biomass composition,
declines the fish population.

CONTROL MEASURES
technology to monitor the air

pollution
pollution control equipments
replacement of coal by
natural gas
liming of lakes and soils
Reduce the use of fossil fuels.

OZONE LAYER
DEPLETION

ozone layer is important as it

protect us from the harmful
ultraviolet radiation of the sun
presently certain parts are
becoming thinner and holes are
developed
causes cancer, eye disease
ozone is formed by the
photochemical reaction

Origin of ozone

 the layer is attacked by chlorofluoro carbons

(aerosol sprays, AC s,cleaning solvents etc).It
release chlorine which breaks ozone into
oxygen)
ozone layer depletion varies with altitude.
Lowest over the equator and increasing
towards the poles
it varies seasonally
ozone depleting chemicals are
CFC,HCFC,BFC etc

Ultraviolet light and ozone

 effects on
a. human skin cancer, eye blindness,
cataracts, suppress the immune responses
b. aquatic systems productivity of
fisheries,decrease in phytoplankton population
c. materials paits,plastics
d. climate global warming
Control measures
1. replacing CFCs
2. controlled use of crop fumigant

NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS AND

HOLOCAUST
escaped radiations from the
nuclear reactors cause severe
damage on human health.
danger can be devastating and
long lasting
a large number of living beings
are totally destroyed
nuclear war in Hiroshima and
Nagasaki in Japan

 serious reactor accident on April

26,1986 when operators lost control of a
water cooled graphite moderated reactor
at Chernobyl in Ukraine
1. 31 deaths at a time
2. estimated 2000 extra cancer cases in
Europe over the next 50 years as half a
million people were exposed to
dangerous levels of radiation
3. more than 150000 people had to be
evaluated to safety

 control measures are

a. suitable precautions to be
taken
b. training must be imparted to
people handling these nuclear type
materials to avoid accident
exposure
c. constant monitoring
d. limited or permissible level of
radiation exposure to the workers

CONSUMERISM AND
WASTE PRODUCTS
consumerism is an organized

movement of citizens and

government implemented in the late
60s
improve the rights and power of the
buyers in relation to the sellers
force the manufacturer to reuse and
recycle the product after use
make the manufacturer liable for the
entire life cycle of a product.

 reusable materials like bottles can be

taken back to the manufacturer which
makes the products cheaper, avoids
littering and pollution
improves human health and happiness
saves our resources

BUYER RIGHTS
a. right to buy or not to buy
b. right to expect a product to be safe
c. right to expect the product to perform
as claimed

FAVOURABLE RIGHTS OF
SELLERS

right to introduce any product

charge any price
spend any amount to promote their product
use incentives to promote their products

TO BE KNOWN BY BUYERS
1. ingredients of the product
2. manufacturing date and expiry date
3. whether the product is manufactured
against an established law of nature or
involved in rights violation

WASTELAND RECLAMATION
defined as any land which is not put to

optimal use
reasons are
a. overgrazing and over exploitation
b. by the sewage and industrial wastes
c. excessive human and cattle
population
d. mining activities
e. increasing demand
f. due to erosion,salinity,water logging
etc
g. various irrigation and power projects

 reclaimed by the following ways

1. conserving the soil
2. land should be brought under the
vegetal cover
3. participation of the people,voluntary
agencies and government
classification
a. cultivable wasteland cultivation
areas,marsh lands,saline lands etc
b. uncultivable wasteland rocky
areas,glaciers etc

DEVELOPMENT AND RECLAMATION OF

CULTIVABLE WASTELAND
A strategy must be developed to cure
past damage and save the future
damage of land
1. preparing accurate usable land data
through remote sensing

2.
reviewing
all
existing
legislations and updating them
3. preparing management plans for
land amelioration

 The National Wasteland

Development Board (NWDB) to
formulate action plans to arrest
deforestation and land
degradation
bring wasteland into
sustainable use
increase biomass availability
restore ecological balance

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACTS(EPA)

provisions for controlling the pollution

regularity, structure and hierarchy of

implementing EPA are
ministry of environment to central pollution
control board to state pollution control board
Enacted on 23 May 1986
a. safe disposal of wastes
b.
protection
and
improvement
of
environmental activities
c. speed response
d. Government has power to withdraw the
approval of any firm
which violates
environment quality standard.

AIR ACT 1981

empowers the state board to lay

down standards for emissions into
atmosphere from industries,
automobiles or any other resources
inspect factory premises to
prevent air pollution
introduced on March 29th 1981

WATER ACT 1974

first national pollution control law
enacted for the purpose of
prevention and control of water
pollution
maintain the water potential
severe punishments
assistance for the establishment of
central and state pollution control
boards
empowerment

WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT 1972

protect wildlife

pressure the biodiversity

maintain essential ecological treasures
and life supporting systems.

FOREST CONSERVATION ACT 1972

protection and conservation of forest
ensure proper use of forest products.

ENVIRONMENTAL
LEGISLATION

National forest policy 1988

The water act 1974
Noise pollution rules 2000
ozone depleting substances
rules 2000
Environment rules 1999
Hazardous wastes rules 1989

ENFORCEMENT OF
ENVIRONMENT
LEGISLATION
effective laws to protect
environment
efficient enforcement of laws
active participation and cooperation from public
enough power and freedom to the
governing boards

PUBLIC AWARENESS
focus on current, potential
situation
to relate environmental sensitivity,
knowledge, problem solving values
and clarifications at every level
create awareness about
ecological imbalances,
developmental plans and
technological possibilities

Environmental Awareness June

18,07 in Australia

ENVIRONMENTAL
EDUCATION IN INDIA
formal - primary, secondary,
higher secondary and college
stage education
non formal research and
developmental programmes,
national environmental
awareness camps, ecodevelopment camps and non
government organisations