Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sosa, Diane
Visual Field
Visual Acuity
Train Nystagmus
PERIMETRY
a visual field
test of each
eye
To diagnose
blindness in
specific portion
of the retina
PERIMETRY CHART
LEFT EYE
RIGHT EYE
VISUAL
FIELD
Visual area seen by
the eye at a given
instant.
NASAL FIELD OF
VISION
Area seen on the
nasal side
LATERAL FIELD OF
VISION
Area seen on the
lateral side
The normal
extent of field of
vision
60nasally.
50superiorly
70inferiorly .
90
temporally
Medially:
Nose
Inferiorly:
Cheek bones
OPTIC NERVE :
Causes:
optic atrophy
indirect optic
neuropathy
acute optic neuritis
traumatic avulsion
of optic nerve.
Characterised by:
complete blindness in
affected eye with loss
of both direct on
ipsilateral &
concensual light
reflex on
contralateral side.
Near reflex is
preserved.
Eg. Right optic
nerve
involvement
2)Lesions through
proximal part of
optic nerve :
ipsilateral
blindness.
contralateral
hemianopia
abolition of direct
light reflex on
affected side &
concensual light
reflex on
contralateral side.
near reflex intact.
Eg. Rt optic nerve
Involvement in
Proximal part
causes:
suprasellar aneurysm
tumors of pituitary
gland
craniopharyngioma
suprasellar
meningioma & glioma of
3rd ventricle.
third ventricular
dilatation due to
obstructive
hydrocephalus.
chronic chiasmal
arachnoiditis.
Characterised by:
Bitemporal
hemianopia
Bitemporal
hemianopic
paralysis of pupillary
reflex. (usually lead to
partial descending optic
4)Lateral chiasmal
lesions :
causes:
Distension of 3rd
ventricle causing
pressure on each side
of optic chiasma
Atheroma of carotids
& posterior
communicating artery.
Characterised by
Binasal hemianopia
Binasal hemianopic
parallysis of
pupillary reflex
(usually lead to partial
descending optic
atrophy)
5)Lesions of optic
tract :
Causes:
Syphilitic meningitis/
gumma.
Tuberculosis
Tumors of optic
thalamus
Aneurysm of superior
cerebellar or posterior
cerebral arteries.
Characterised by :
Incongruous
homonymous
hemianopia with C/L
hemianopic pupillary
reaction( wernickes
reaction)
These lesions usually
lead to partial
descending optic
atrophy & may be
associated with C/L 3rd
nerve paralysis &
6)Lesions of
lateral
geniculate
body :
leads to
homonymous
hemianopia with
sparing of
pupillary reflexes
& may end in
partial optic
atrophy.
7)Lesions of optic
radiations :
Causes:
Vascular occlusion
Primary & secondary
tumors
Trauma
Characterised by :
COMPLETE
HOMONYMOUS
HEMIANOPIA( sometime
s sparing macula)
TOTAL OPTIC
RADIATION
INVOLVEMENT
LESIONS OF
PARIETAL LOBE
(involving
superior fibres
of optic
radiations)
LESIONS OF
TEMPORAL
LOBE (involving
inferior fibres of
optic radiations)
INFERIOR
QUADRANTIC
HEMIANOPIA(
PIE ON THE
FLOOR)
SUPERIOR
QUADRANTIC
HEMIANOPIA( PI
E ON THE
ROOF)
8)Lesions of
visual
cortex :
pupillary light
reflex is normal
& optic atrophy
does not occur
following visual
cortex lesions.
Congruous
homonymous
hemianopia(sparin
g macula)
Occlusion of
posterior cerebral
artery supplyin
anterior part of
occipiatl cortex
Congruous
homonymous
macular defect
Head injury/gun
shot injury
leading to lesions
of tip of occipital
cortex+
21
VISUAL ACUITY
A measure of spatial resolution of the
eye
An estimation of its ability to
discriminate between two points
RESULTS
Right
Eye
Without 3/100
Lens
With
20/30
Lens
Left
Eye
2/100
20/25
FOVEA CENTRALIS
VISUAL PATHWAY
VISUAL PATHWAY
SNELLENS CHART
Principle: DISTANT
VISUAL ACUITY
the ratio of ones
visual acuity to
that of a person
with normal visual
acuity
20
---40
the distance
that the
patient was
made to stand
from thechart
the distance
assigned to the
last row they
were able to
read
RETINAL OR TRAIN
NYSTAGMUS
OPTOKINETIC NYSTAGMUS
THANK YOU