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Dihybrid Cross

Inheritance of two traits that are coded by


genes located on different chromosomes
The phenotypic ratio in F2 is :
9A_B_: 3A_bb : 3aaB_ : 1aabb

Figure 3-5

Copyright 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

SsYy

self-fertilize
eggs

1 SY
4

sperm

1 Sy
4

1 sY
4

1 sy
4

1
SY
4

1 Sy
4

1
sY
4

1
4

1
16 SSYY

1
16 SSYy

1
16 SsYY

1
16 SsYy

1
16 SSyY

1
16 SSyy

1
16 SsyY

1
16 Ssyy

1
16 sSYY

1
16 sSYy

1
16 ssYY

1
16 ssYy

1
16 sSyY

1
16 sSyy

1
16 ssyY

1
16 ssyy

sy

Phenotypic ratio
1 SSYY, 2SsYY, 2SSYy, 4SsYy = 9
smooth, yellow
1 SSyy, 2 Ssyy 3 smooth, green
1 ssYY, 2 ssYy 3 wrinkled, yellow
1 ss yy 1 wrinkled, green
Or: 9S_Y_ : 3ssY_ : 3 S_yy : 1 ssyy

Dihybrid cross
According to the rules of probability, if pairs of
characters are ________________ in a dihybrid
cross, then the F2 from F1xF1 cross will give a
9:3:3:1 ratio of the four possible phenotypes
Such a ratio is the result of the ______________
of two gene pairs into the gametes and of the
__________________________ of those gametes

Branching Diagram

Law of independent
assortment.
The independent assortment of each pair of alleles
during gamete formation is now called Mendels
law of independent assortment
Mendel's postulate states that traits assort
independently during gamete formation and that
all possible combinations of gametes will form
with equal frequency.

Figure 3-8

Copyright 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Figure 3-9

Copyright 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Principles of Probability
Probability the ratio of the number of
times a particular event is expected to occur
to the number of trials during which the
event could happen
Probability of picking a heart (13 total)
from a deck of 52 cards:
13/52 = 1/4

Mendelian Inheritance Reflects the


Rules of Probability
Mendels laws of segregation and independent
assortment reflect the same laws of probability
that apply to tossing coins or rolling dice.
The probability scale ranged from zero (an event
with no chance of occurring) to one (an event that
is certain to occur).
The probability of tossing heads with a normal coin is
1/2.
The probability of rolling a 3 with a six-sided die is
1/6, and the probability of rolling any other number is
5/6.

When tossing a coin, the outcome of one toss


has no impact on the outcome of the next toss.
Each toss is an independent event, just like the
distribution of alleles into gametes.
Like a coin toss, each ovum
from a heterozygous parent
has a 1/2 chance of carrying
the dominant allele and a
1/2 chance of carrying the
recessive allele.
The same odds apply to
the sperm.

The rule of addition also applies to genetic


problems.
Under the rule of addition, the probability of an
event that can occur two or more different ways
is the sum of the separate probabilities of those
ways.
For example, there are two ways that F1 gametes
can combine to form a heterozygote.
The dominant allele could come from the sperm and the
recessive from the ovum (probability = 1/4).
Or, the dominant allele could come from the ovum and
the recessive from the sperm (probability = 1/4).
The probability of a heterozygote is 1/4 + 1/4 = 1/2.

Laws of Chance
What is the chance that the couple first
child will be a boy or a girl?
Equal number of boys and girls are born
The probability of a first child being a boy is
1/2
The probability that a first child will be a girl is
1/2

The Product Rule


The probability of two independent events
occurring simultaneously is the product of
of each of their individual probabilities
The probability that both children in a family
with two kids are girls is

x =
Having three boys in a row?
x x = 1/8

The Sum Rule


The probability of occurrence of any of the
several mutually exclusive events is the sum
of the probabilities of the individual events
The probability of having two boys and two
girls in a family is:
+=

Chi-square
An important question to answer in any genetic experiment
is how can we decide if our data fits any of the Mendelian
ratios we have discussed. A statistical test that can test out
ratios is the Chi-Square or Goodness of Fit test.

Chi-Square Formula

= (observed value expected value) / expected


2

value
Degrees of freedom (df) = n-1 where n is the number of
classes observed

Table 3-3

Copyright 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

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