Summary in Humanities 1-B

Content

Chapter 1: Significance concept and general overview of the humanities

Chapter 2: Methods of presenting art subjects

Chapter 3: Medium of visual arts

Chapter 4: element of visual arts

Chapter 5: Organization of visual arts

Chapter 6: Organization in architecture

Chapter 7: elements of literature and combined arts

Chapter 8: The Drama

Chapter 9: The medium of music

Chapter 10: the elements and organization of music

Chapter 11: Musical structure and design

Chapter 12: Dance

Chapter 1-Significance, concept and

general overview of the humanities

Meaning of the humanities the term humanities comes from latin word
humanus, which means human, cultured and refined generally, human
beings possess and show quality like rationality, kindness and tenderness.

Art is very important in our lives. It constitutes one of the oldest form and
most important means of expression developed by man. It is a language,
which is charged with feelings and significance that sprung up among men
living together.

Chapter 2- Methods of presenting art subjects

Realism- in the visual arts and literature refers to the general attempt to
depict subjects as they are considered to exist in third person objective
reality, without embellishment or interpretation and in accordance with
secular empirical rules.

Abstract- art uses a visual language of form, color and line to

create a composition which may exist with a degree of
independence from visual references in the world

Symbolism- was late nineteenth-century art movement of French,

Russian and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts. In literature,
the style had its beginnings with the publication.

Fauvism- is the style of les fauves (French for the wild beasts), a
short-lived and loose groups of early twentieth century modern
artist whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong color
over the representational or realistic values retained by
impressionism

Dadaism- is a post-world war 1 cultural movement in visual arts as well as

literature (mainly poetry), theatre and graphic design. The movement was,
among the other things, a protest against the barbarism of the war and what
Dadaist believed was an oppressive intellectual rigidity in both art and
everyday society

Surrealism- works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtaposition

and non sequitur: however, many surrealist artist and writers regard their
work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with
the works being an artifact

Futurism-(Italian: futurism) was an artistic and social movement that

originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It emphasized speed, technology
youth and violence and objects such as the car, the aeroplane and the
industrial city

Expressionism- Was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting,

originating in Germany at the beginning of 20th century. Its typical trait to
present the world solely from a subjective perspectives, distorting it radically
for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas

Chapter 3- Medium of Visual Arts

THE VISUAL ARTS

(Painting, Sculpture and Related Arts)

The visual arts are called such because, being composed in space,
they can be seen. Their appreciation is experienced through the
eyes, primarily, and through the sense of touch, particularly in
sculpture.

Sculpture

The sculpture program operates as an auxiliary offering to the Visual Fine Arts
and Arts and Technology programs. Its function is multifold with a primary
focus on the development of a conceptual idea or expression. This is achieved
through the organization of three-dimensional space, while addressing the
demans and constraints of the form and function of materials and processes
and their cultural relevance.

Spolarium by Juan Luna.

The painting was submitted by Luna to theExposicin Nacional de
Bellas Artes
in 1884, where it garnered a gold medal.

Painting-is the practice of applyingpaint,pigment,coloror other medium[1]to a

surface(support base). The medium is commonly applied to the base with abrush, but
other implements, such as knives, sponges, andairbrushes, can be used.

Architecture-(Latinarchitectura, from the Greek

arkhitekton"architect", from-"chief" and"builder") is both the process
and the product ofplanning,designing, andconstructingbuildings and other physical
structures. Architectural works, in the material form ofbuildings, are often perceived
as cultural symbols and asworks of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with
their surviving architectural achievements.

Chapter 4- Element of visual art

ELEMENTS OF ART: The visual components of color, form, line, shape, space,
texture, and value.

Line- An element of art defined by a point moving in space. Line may be two-or
three-dimensional, descriptive, implied, or abstract.

Color- An element of art made up of three properties: hue, value, and intensity.
Hue: name of color Value: hues lightness and darkness (a colors value
changes when white or black is added) Intensity: quality of brightness and purity
(high intensity= color is strong and bright; low intensity= color is faint and dull)

Texture-An element of art that refers to the way things feel, or look as if they
might feel if touched.

Perspective- Drawing is a technique used to represent three-dimensional

images on a two-dimensional picture plane. In our series of lessons on perspective
drawing we explain the various methods of constructing an image with
perspective and show how these are used by artists and illustrators.

Volume-(three-dimensionality) can be simulated in a two-dimensional work

(like a drawing) thanks to the use of light and shadows, perspective, etc.

Chapter 5- Organization of visual arts

ThePrinciplesare concepts used to organize or arrange the

structural elements of design. Again, the way in which these
principles are applied affects the expressive content, or the
message of the work.The principles are:

Symmetrical balance-can be described as having equal "weight" on equal

sides of a centrally placed fulcrum. It may also be referred to as formal

balance

Asymmetrical balance- also calledinformal balance, is more complex

and difficult to envisage. It involves placement of objects in a way that will
allow objects of varying visual weight to balance one another around a
fulcrum point.

Proportion- refers to the relative size and scale of the various elements in
a design. The issue is therelationshipbetween objects, or parts, of a whole.
This means that it is necessary to discuss proportion in terms of the context
or standard used to determine proportions.

Emphasis- is created by visually reinforcing something we want the viewer

to pay attention to. Focal points are areas of interest the viewer's eyes skip
to. The strongest focal point with the greatest visual weight is the dominant
element of the work. Elements of secondary importance could be termed subdominant, and elements with the least visual weight subordinate.

Harmony-Harmonious elements have a logical relationship or progression - in

some way they work together and complement each other. When a jarring
element is added - something that goes against the whole - it is said to be
dissonant, just like an off-note in a musical performance.

Rhythm- When motifs or elements are repeated, alternated, or otherwise

arranged, the intervals between them or how they overlap can create rhythm and
a sense of movement. In visual rhythm, design motifs become the beats. Rhythms
can be broadly categorized as random, regular, alternating, flowing, and
progressive.

Chapter 6- organization of architecture

Organizational architecture-has two very different meanings. In one

sense it literally refers to the organization's built environment and in another
sense it refers to architecture metaphorically, as a structure which fleshes out the
organizations.

Ancient Egyptian Architecture

Ancient Egyptian architecture-is the architecture ofancient Egypt, one

of the most influential civilizations throughout history, which developed a vast
array of diverse structures and great architectural monuments along theNile,
includingpyramidsandtemples.

The well preservedTemple of Horus at Edfuis an example of

Egyptian architecture andarchitectural sculpture.

Mesopotamian Architecture

architecture of Mesopotamia-is the ancient architecture of the region of

theTigrisEuphrates river system(also known asMesopotamia), encompassing
several distinct cultures and spanning a period from the 10th millennium BC, when
the first permanent structures were built, to the 6th century BC.

Greek Architecture

Thearchitecture of Ancient Greece-is the architecture produced by

theGreek-speaking people(Hellenicpeople) whosecultureflourished on the Greek
mainland andPeloponnesus, theAegean Islands, and in colonies inAsia Minorand
Italy for a period from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD, with the earliest
remaining architectural works dating from around 600 BC.

The Parthenonunder restoration in 2008

Roman Architecture

Ancient Roman architecture-developed different aspects of

Ancient Greek architectureand newer technologies such as the arch and the dome
to make a newarchitecturalstyle. Roman architecture flourished throughout the
Empireduring thePax Romana. Its use of new materials, particularly concrete,
was a very important feature.

TheColosseumin Rome, Italy

Byzantine Architecture

Byzantine architecture-is thearchitectureof theByzantine Empire, also

known as the Later Roman or Eastern Roman Empire. This terminology is used by
modern historians to designate the medievalRoman Empireas it evolved as a
distinct artistic and cultural entity centered on the new capital ofConstantinople
rather than the city ofRomeand environs.

Hagia Sophia Church,Sofia,Bulgaria

Western Architecture

western architecture-

from the earliest times to the 21st century. Adopting an

approach that sees architectural history as a continuous narrative, the author
emphasizes the ongoing vitality of the Classical language of architecture, underlining
the continuity between, for example, the work ofIctinus in 5th-century BC Athens and
that of McKim, Mead and White in 20th-century New York.

Baroque Architecture

Baroque architecture-is the building style of theBaroque era, begun in late

16th-century Italy, that took theRomanvocabulary ofRenaissance architectureand used
it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion, often to express the triumph of the
Catholic Churchand the absolutist state. It was characterized by new explorations of
form, light and shadow, and dramatic intensity.

Faade of theChurch of the Ges, the first truly baroque

faade

Modern Architecture

Modern architectureormodernist architecture-is a term applied to

an overarching movement, with its exact definition and scope varying widely.[1]The
term is often applied to modernist movements at the turn of the 20th century, with
efforts to reconcile the principles underlying architectural design with rapid
technological advancement and themodernizationof society.

w:Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum,New York City

Philippine Architecture

Thearchitectureof thePhilippines-(Filipino:Arkitekturang Pilipino) is a

reflection of the history and heritage of the country. The most prominent historic
constructions in the archipelago are based on a mix ofindigenous Austronesian,Indian,
Chinese,Japanese,American, andSpanishinfluences.

The front entrance of Fuerza de Santiago inIntramuros,

towering 40 metres high.

Japanese Architecture

Japanese architecture-( Nihon kenchiku?)has traditionally been

typified by wooden structures, elevated slightly off the ground, with tiled or thatched
roofs. Sliding doors (fusuma) were used in place of walls, allowing the internal
configuration of a space to be customized for different occasions.

Kinkaku-ji,Kyoto, originally built in 1397 (Muromachi

period

Chapter 7 Elements of literature

IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE

1.

EMOTIONAL APPEAL
It is attained when the reader is emotionally moved or touched by
any literary work.

ex.
How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.
I love thee to the depth and breadth and height
My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight
For the ends of Being and ideal Grace.
Elizabeth B. Browning
How Do I Love Thee?

2.

INTELLECTUAL APPEAL
Rizals two revolutionary novels, Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, are literature of intellectual appeal. Both
add knowledge or information and remind the reader of
what he has forgotten.

3. HUMANISTIC VALUE
It can be attained when a literary work makes the
reader an improved person with a better outlook in life and
with a clear understanding of his/her inner self.

CLASSIFICATION of LITERATURE
1.

ESCAPE LITERATURE
It is written for entertainment purposes that help us
pass the time in an agreeable manner. It takes us away
from the real world and enables us to temporarily forget
our troubles. Its main objective is only to give pleasure.
This is a literary works about fictions and adventures.

2. INTERPRETATIVE LITERATURE
It is written to broaden and sharpen our
awareness in life. It takes us, through imagination,
deeper into the real world and enables us to
understand our troubles. Just like the escape
literature, its objective is to give pleasure but with
understanding.
This is a literature that tackles about the human
experiences such as life, death, love, sorrow and
hatred.

USES of LITERATURE
1.

MORALIZING LITERATURE
The purpose of literature is to present
moral values for the reader to understand
and appreciate; the moral may be directly
or indirectly stated.

3 main ingredients of literature

1.Poetry
composition which is written in
verse

TREES
by: Joyce Kilmer
I THINK that I shall never see

A poem lovely as a tree.

A tree whose hungry mouth is prest
Against the earth's sweet flowing breast;
A tree that looks at God all day,
And lifts her leafy arms to pray;
A tree that may in Summer wear
A nest of robins in her hair;
Upon whose bosom snow has lain;
Who intimately lives with rain.
Poems are made by fools like me,
But only God can make a tree.

Example
of poetry

2.Prose
is a kind of literature which does not adhere to any particular
structure except for grammar.

Example of a prose

Psalm 93
The Lord reigneth, he is clothed with majesty;the Lord is clothed with
strength, wherewith he hath girded himself: the world also is stablished,
that it cannot be moved.
Thy throne is established of old: thouartfrom everlasting.
The floods have lifted up, Oh Lord, the floods have lifted up their voice;
the floods lift up their waves.
The Lord on high is mightier than the noise of many waters, yea, than the
mighty waves of the sea.
Thy testimonies are very sure: holiness becometh thine house, O Lord,
forever.

3.Play
consists of dialogues between the
characters

Examples of play

Element of a short story

1st element
A

character is a person, or
sometimes even an animal, who
takes part in the action of a short
story or other literary work.

2nd element
The

setting of a short story is the time

and place in which it happens. Authors
often use descriptions of landscape,
scenery, buildings, seasons or weather
to provide a strong sense of setting.

3rd element
plot

is a series of events and

character actions that relate to the
central conflict.

Structure of a plot story

50

4th element
The

conflict is a struggle between two

people or things in a short story. The
main character is usually on one side
of the central conflict.

5th element
The

theme is the central idea or belief

in a short story.

Elements of a Novel
Everything

in Literature Happens for a Reason!

Genres
Fiction

(Not Real)

Drama

Poetry

Fairy Tales

Short Story

Realistic Fiction

Historical Fiction

Novels

Non-Fiction (Real)

Essay
Biography
Autobiography
Speechless

The Narrator (Point of View)

The lens through which a

reader views a story.

Point of view is the way the

author allows you to see
and hear whats going on.

See handout on Point of

View.

The Setting

Where the story takes place is of great importance to

understanding a novel.

The setting is where the novel takes place.

It may include historical background, time, local color.

Local color is characteristics that set the place apart from other
places.

The author doesnt always state the setting of a novel, instead they
provide details describing the location and/or time period.

This allows a reader to paint a picture in their mind. (The use of

imagery or sensory details.)

Characters

Static/Flat Characters

Characters that do not change throughout the novel.

Usually minor characters

Dynamic/Round Characters

Characters will undergo some kind of change in the course of the story.

Usually major characters

Elements Of Drama/Theatre

What Is Drama?
A drama is a story enacted onstage for a live audience.

What Is Drama?

Origins of Drama
The word drama comes from
the Greek verb dran, which
means to do.
The earliest known plays . . .
were written around the fifth
century B.C.
produced for festivals to honor
Dionysus, the god of wine and
fertility

Tragedy
A tragedy is a play that ends unhappily.
Most classic Greek tragedies deal with serious,
universal themes such as
right and wrong
justice and injustice
life and death
Tragedies pit human limitations against the larger
forces of destiny.

Tragedy
The protagonist of most classical tragedies is a tragic
hero. This hero
pride

is noble and in many ways

admirable
has a tragic flaw, a personal rebelliousness
failing that leads to a tragic
end
jealousy

Comedy
A comedy is a play that ends happily. The plot usually
centers on a romantic conflict.
boy meets girl

boy loses girl

boy wins girl

Comedy
Comic complications always occur
before the conflict is resolved.

In most cases, the play ends

with a wedding.

The Elements of Drama

Elements of Drama: The elements of drama, by
which dramatic works can be analyzed and
evaluated, can be categorized into three major
areas: literary elements, technical elements,
and performance elements.
literary elements
technical elements
performance elements

Chapter 8- The Drama

Drama Combines aspects of all three

Literary Genres
Literature
Drama

can be fictional or factual

It can also be commercial or literary
Drama shares many of the common literary elements
like plot, setting, characterization, and dialog
Poetry
Many

plays are written in verse (for example,

Oedipus Rex and Othello)

Drama
Its

unique characteristic is that it is written to be

performed

Three Major Characteristics of

Drama
1.

It has a direct, immediate impact

Advantages:
Simultaneous

impressions occur
Performance can be more expressive than a
readers imagination
Disadvantages:
Limited

to one viewpointobjective (dramatic)

Writers try to overcome this by using the
soliloquy and the aside to accomplish what the
omniscient viewpoint achieves in the short story
genre

 2.

Drama effectively commands the

spectators attention
Advantage:

The playwrights power extends

beyond words alone
Disadvantage: The materials one can use on
stage are limited

 3.

The experience of watching a play is

communal
Advantage:

Impact is intensified.
Disadvantages: There is a need for brevity,
swift movement of plot, and intermissions

Philippine Drama

Before the Spanish period, the early forms of the Philippine drama
were the duplo and the karagatan.

*Duplo

was a poetical debate held by trained

men and women in the ninth night, the last
night of the mourning period for the dead.
Bellacos male participants, they are the
heads of the games.
*Karagatan was also a poetical debate like the
duplo, but its participants were amateurs.
>> Both were held in the homes.
>>Theme: was all about a ring that fell into the
sea.

 1598-

The first recorded drama was

staged in Cebu.
>> It was a Comedia written by Vicente
Puche and was perfomed in honor of
Msgr. Pedro de Agurto, Cebus first
bishop.
1609- Eleven year after, another stage
play portraying The Life of Santa Barbara
was staged in Bicol.

Three kinds of plays:

1. Cenakulo It was a very heavy drama

shown in relation to the life sacrifices and
death of Jesus Christ. It is like a passion play
presented and celebrated during the month of
March or April depending the exact date of
the Holy week
Two kinds of presentations:
The Ablada (oral)
Kantada (song)

*Several versions of Cenakulo: The

Tagalog, Iluko, Kapampangan, Bikol and
Bisayan Version.
*The Cenakulo is divided into several
parts, one part for each night of the
Holy Week. Each performance lasts from
3-4hours. In Malibay, Pasay for instance,
the entire Cenakulo cycle starts with
the creation and ends with resurrection

Cenakulo

2. Moro-moro It is a cloak and dagger play

depicting the was between the Christians and
the Muslims with the Christians always on the
winning side.
Fr. Jeronimo Perez wrote the first moromoro and was staged in Manila in 1637, to
commemorate Governor General Consueras
victory over the Muslims of Mindanao.
>> it becomes the favorite play of the people,
especially during the town fiestas.

Moro-moro

3.

Zarzuela it is a melodrama with

songs and dances that have a three
in one act play. It is intended to
make the mass feeling towards love,
fear, grief, sorrow or any emotional
reactions sublime.
>it sometimes shows the political
and social conditions of our country.

>the

musical part of the zarzuela has

given much opportunity for creativity
and appreciation of the audience
until the revolt in Cavite in the year
1872.
>it is played by 20-25 professional
zarzuela artists (actors, actresses
and extras)
>the Zarzuela is a musical comedy.

Zarzuela

Present movie development

Development:Producers typically work with screenwriters to

craft a story outline into a workable script in an effort to
garner a greenlight for the film from the financing
studio/production company. An agreement for a major star or
director to join the film can boost a movie's prospects of
securing financing, but those arrangements can reverse if
scheduling and other details do not work. Films in this stage
can languish for months, years, or fall apart completely

Chapter 9

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tone
length of time
over which
vibration is
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Volume force or
percussive effects as
a result of which the
tone strikes us as
being loud (forte) or
soft (piano)
individual
quality of sound
produced by
other
instruments

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The Two Medium of Music

Vocal Medium
Instrumental
Medium

Vocal
Medium
the human voice as
the most popular of
all instruments.

Vocal Register

Soprano

Mezzosoprano

Alto/
Contralto

Tenor

Baritone

Bass

Soprano

Contralto

Lyric
Soprano

Dramatic
Soprano

MezzoSoprano

Tenor

Lyric
Tenor

Dramatic
Tenor

Baritone

Bass

Voice Qualities

Instrume
ntal
Medium
Musical Instrument have always
been a source of wonder to both
player and listener.

String
Instrum
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Woodwi
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Instrum
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Piccolo

Flute

Oboe

English
Horn

Bassoon

Clarinet

Contrabassoo
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Brasses
Instrum
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Trombone

Cornet

Tuba

Cornet

Tuba

e
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No definite
Pitch

Bass
Drum

Brass
Cymbals

Triangl
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Gong

Chimes

Harp

Keyboard Instruments
Piano
Organ

Celesta

Piano
Accordion

Harmonium

Ensemble
Mediums
Symphon
y
Orchestra

Band

Chamber
Orchestra

The different musical instrument sounds

Chapter 10
The Elements
and organization
of Music

MUSICAL NOTATION

Notation is a system of signs by means of

which music is written down.
Serves mainly to indicate two properties of
tone which ate pitch and duration.
Notation of pitch

CLEF

is a letter sign placed on the staff in order

to indicate the pitch of the notes.
The clef signs used in musical notations
are the G clef, C clef, and F clef.
For ordinary purposes the notes are
arranged on two staffs. The C at the
beginning is located between the two
staffs.

NOTATION DURATION

One has to know not only where a

note is but also how long a time it is
held.
Duration of silence between notes is
indicated by rest.
Every kind of note has a
corresponding kind of rest to indicate
that nothing shall be sounded.

KEY SIGNATURE

The group of flats or sharps appearing at

the beginning of a piece.
Each sharp or flat, appearing on the line of
the staff, means that the tone is to be
raised or lowered by a half tone throughout
the entire composition unless it is
temporarily cancelled for duration of the
measure by the use of a natural sign
appearing immediately before a note.

TONE
It

is a sound produced by
regular vibrations of air.

COMPONENTS OF TONE
Pitch

Refer s to the highness or lowness of tonal

sounds.

Duration

Is determined by the length of time the

vibration is sustained.

Intensity of volume
Tone may vary in their degree of
loudness and softness.
The fundamental to musical rhythm
and it provides the basis for a
separate musical element.
Timbre
Enables one to distinguish one
sound from another, one instrument
from another

Chapter 11
Musical Form
The organization of musical ideas in time
The shape of a piece of music

Most Common Techniques for

creating VARIATION in music
Melodic Variation
2. Textural Variation
3. Timbral Variation
1.

Melodic Variation
Embellishments/Ornamentation
2. Changes of Mode (Major/Minor)
3. Melodic Extensions/Subtractions
(Fragmentation)
1.

Textural Variation
1.

Addition of countermelodies and/or

other non-imitative polyphony
countermelody - melodic idea that
accompanies a main theme

Sections of imitative polyphony (I.e.

fugatos/fugal sections) on a melody
and/or motive
3. Adding or changing accompaniment
to melody
2.

Chapter 12

What is Dance?
Dance is a way of knowing and
communicating. All societies use dance to
communicate on both personal and
cultural levels and to meet physical and
spiritual needs.
Dance, as with all the arts, has its own
language. We need to learn this
language in order to fully understand
and appreciate the world of Dance. All
dances can be classified into 3
categories of DANCE. The categories
are
Artistic
Ceremonial
Recreational

Styles
Ballet: a classic
form of dance
growing out of the
French nobility. Its
root is court
dances.
It is known for its:
standardized
dance movements
specialized leaps
and lifts
French
terminology to
describe each
standardized
movement
Pointe shoes for
women
slippers for men
costumes---tights,
tutus

Tap: is a percussive
dance form in which
dancers produce sound
by wearing shoes to
which metal taps have
been added. Tap dance,
an American dance form
which concentrates on
footwork and rhythm,
has roots in African,
Irish and English
clogging traditions. Its
roots lie in recreational
dance (Irish Step dance,
jig and African steps).
It is known for:
An emphasis on rhythm
Tap shoes
Costumesformal to
street wear
Improvisation

Jazz: American
Modern: a form of
music marked by
dance developed
lively rhythms with
by dancers
unusual accents and
interested in
often including
breaking from
melodies made up
ballet traditions
by musicians as they and expressing a
play. Its roots are in
more liberating
social dances and
form of
early musical theatre
movement. It
dance.
expresses
complex emotions
Its known for:
and abstract
Stylized movement
ideas.
Accents in hands,
It is known for:
Freedom of
head, hips and feet
English/French
movement
Usually barefoot
terminology to
describe movements but can use shoes
Jazz shoes or boots based on theme
Costume related to Costume related
theme of dance
to dance theme
Improvisation
Improvisation
used in the
development of

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Attire
Dancers wear clothes
that show off their body
and curves. They wear
clothing that is
comfortable and that lets
their bodies express any
kind of movement. Attire
such as leotards,
spandex shorts, skirts,
and tank tops are very
common. Also, dancers
accommodate to the
weather, so when it gets
colder they use leg
warmers, tights, shrugs,

Example of a dance